University of Isfahan Journal of Urban - Regional Studies and Research 2008-5354 4 16 2013 04 21 Prioritizing social and economic effects of sport places on Urban Environment (A case study: Yazd City) Prioritizing social and economic effects of sport places on Urban Environment (A case study: Yazd City) 65 88 20038 FA M. Salimi M. Soltanhosseini M. Salimi M. Soltanhosseini M. Lotfi Journal Article 2016 06 14   Prioritizing social and economic effects of sport places on Urban Environment (A case study: Yazd City)       M. Soltanhosseini, M.Salimi, M. Salimi, M. Lotfi   Received: January 06, 2012/ Accepted: June 09, 2012, 17-21 P           Extended Abstract   1- Introduction   Sport facilities and sport places as one of important land uses in urban environment can have positive and negative effects on their surroundings, of which the most important can be addressed to economic and social ones. Thus, the purpose of this study was to identify, assess and prioritize the social and economic effects of sport places on the urban environment. Based on these objectives, five typical sport places (Shahid Sadoughi, Shahid Paak Nejad, Shahid Nassiri, 22nd Bahman, Kargaran sport complexes) were selected by special circumstances in Yazd city. The research goals were to recognize and determine the socioeconomic effects (impacts) of sport places on urban environment, which were obtained by searching and organizing relevant literature and valid scientific resources as well as discussing and exchanging views with outstanding professors and experts in urban planning and sport management. The research tool consisted of two questionnaires: 1) dual comparative questionnaire including 57 items in 2 sections in order to define input of AHP method, and 2) a questionnaire with Likert scale including 18 items in 2 sections in order to define inputs of SAW method and TOPSIS method. To gather data, the questionnaires were distributed among 162 individuals from the sample in Yazd city (53 persons from chairmen of sport federations, specialists from physical education office, and administrators from selected sport complexes, 14 persons from police officers, 12 persons from real estate agencies, 83 persons from residents in surroundings of selected sport complexes).       2- Theoretical Bases   - Sport Places: Places constructed for various sports activities, including outdoor and indoor locations.   - Economic and social effects (impacts) of sport places: Economic and social effects (impacts) which sports places exert on their surroundings in urban environment.     3- Discussion   Gathering the necessary data and prioritizing the determined effects (by three AHP, TOPSIS, and SAW methods) and analyzing data by one sample t-test, it was found that of the social effect items, the sport places increased the residents’ tendency to watch matches, tendency to do exercises, their happiness and freshness, and collective and sport cooperation among them, respectively. In general, and considering the social variables, although the obtained mean of views was higher than the average, this difference was not significant. In addition, other results from the study indicated that sport places did not influence all economic variables as well as none of their components.     4- Conclusion   The results showed sport places do not have much influence on the improvement of economic components in their surroundings. At present, sport industry is considered as the most profitable one in the world, however, it is in the hands of the countries provided its requirements, regarded it as a profitable resource, and dealt with it based on scientific studies, while the lack of suitable facilities and economic goals will result in nothing but losses and damages. On the other hand, the results from the present study and most of current studies show that sport places and their increased per capita budget will result in social positive effects in different dimensions such as increased healthiness, freshness, and vitality.     5- Suggestions   The followings are recommended based on the results from the study:   Increasing advertising through media and etc. in order to inform people about the sport’s advantages, since it will result in more acceptance by people and more social positive effects by sport places.   Paying more attention to land selection in urban environment including sport needs assessment.   Cultivating and promoting sport among enthusiasts and spectators in different ways, resulting in the reduction of social disorders arising from a variety of sports events.   Keywords: Sport places, social effects (impacts), economic effects, urban environment.     References   Alemi. M Jalalifar. H Kamali. G R& Kalbasi. M (2011), “A Mathematical Estimation for Artificial Lift Systems Selection Based on ELECTRE Model”, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 78, pp. 193–200.   Amiri. M P (2010), “Project Selection for Oil-Fields Development by Using the AHP and Fuzzy TOPSIS Methods”, Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 37, pp. 6218-6224.   Asgarian. F et al (2005), “evaluation of Iran sport Industry’s Economic Status from 1997 to 2000 years”, Harekat Journal, No. 25, p. 25.   Azar. A& Rajabzade. A (2009), “Applied Decision Making (MCDM Approach)”, 3rd Ed, Knowledge Vision Press, Tehran.   Baade, R. A. (1994), “Stadiums, Professional Sports, and Economic Development: Assessing the Reality”, Published In: Heartland Policy Study, No. 62.   Bale . J & Sang . J (1996), “Kenyan running: movement culture, geography and global change”, Frank Cass, London.   Chakraborty. S (2011), “Applications of the MOORA method for decision making in manufacturing environment”, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 54, pp. 1155-1166.   Chen. T Y &Tsao. C Y (2008), “The Interval-Valued Fuzzy TOPSIS Method and Experimental Analysis”, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol. 159, Issue. 11, pp. 1410 – 1428.   Coates. D (2007), “Stadiums and Arenas: Economic Development or Economic Redistribution?”, Contemporary Economic Policy, Vol. 25, Issue. 4, pp. 565-577.   Coates. D& Humphreys. B R, (2000), “The Stadium Gambit and Local Economic Development”, Regulation, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 15-20.   Eraslan. E& Tansel. IC Y (2011), “a Multi-Criteria Approach for Determination of Investment Regions: Turkish Case”, Industrial Management & Data Systems, Vol. 111, No. 6, pp. 890-909.   Fakhri. R (2008), “Identification of Zobe Ahan’s Economic, Social and Traffic effects on urban Environment”, Physical Education and Sport Sciences Thesis, University of Isfahan.   Ghodsipoor, S A (2010), “Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)”, 8th Ed, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran.   Hall. J, O’Mahony. B, Vieceli, J (2010), “ An empirical model of attendance factors at major sporting events ”, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 29, Issue. 2, pp. 328-334.   Heger. M A. (2006), “Ballpark environmental report highlights traffic and noise”, from: www.community newspapers.com/archives/rosegardenresident/20060309/rg-letters2. Shtml .   Hoffmann. B A (2005), “Traffic, parking, crowds’ top local concerns over University of Minnesota stadium”, from: http://www.bridgelandnews.org/111 .   Jahanshahloo. G R Hosseinzadeh Lotfi. F& Izadikhah. M (2006), “Extension of the TOPSIS Method for Decision-Making Problems with Fuzzy Data”, Applied Mathematics and Computation 181, pp. 1544–1551.   Geographical and Cartography institution (1989), “Iran total atlas”.   John. P (1994), “Urban Spatials, Design, Management and Execution”, Translated by Hossein Rezaie, 1st Ed, Tehran.   Jones. C (2002), “Public cost for Private gain? Recent and proposed national stadium developments in the UK, and commonalities with North America”, Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers), Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 160-170.   Judd. Dennis R& Fainstein .Susan S (1999), “The tourist city”, Yale University Press.   Kargar. Gh (2005), “Analyze of Iran’s Sport Places Status and Identification of Effective Criteria in Exploitation from Experts” Approach and Recommendation of exploitation Model”, Harekat Journal, N0. 28, pp. 127-149.   Kashef. M M& Mehrizi. M (2010), “Management of Sport Places”, 2nd Ed.   Kasimati. E& Dawson. P (2009), “Assessing the impact of the 2004 Olympic Games on the Greek economy: A small macroeconometric model”, economic modeling, 26 (1), pp. 139- 146. Congress: Future of Sport Management Proceeding, Firenze: Italy.   King. B (2002), “Passion that can’t be counted puts billions of dollars in play”, Street& Smith’s Sports Business Journal, 4 (47), pp. 25-39.   Khoienejad. Gh (2000), “Research Methods in Cultural Sciences”, Samt Press, Tehran.   Lai. W H, Chang P L, Chou. Y C (2010), “Fuzzy MCDM Approach to R&D Project Evaluation in Taiwan’s Public Sectors”, Journal of Technology Management in China, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 84-101.   Macintyre. S, Ellaway. A, (1998), “Social and local variations in the use of urban neighborhoods: a case study in Glasgow”, Health & Place, Vol. 4, Issue. 1, pp. 91–94.   Madrigal. R (2001), “Social Identity Effects in a Belief- Attitude-Intentions Hierarchy: Implications for Corporate Sponsorship”, Psychology and Marketing, Vol. 18, Issue. 2, pp. 145-165.   Mohharamzade. M (2007), “Sport Organization Management”, 2nd Ed, University of Urmia.   Momeni. M (2010), “New discussions in operation in research”, 1st Ed, University of Tehran.   Opricovic. S& Tzeng. G H (2004), “Compromise Solution by MCDM Methods: A Comparative Analysis of VIKOR and TOPSIS”, European Journal of Operational Research, 156, pp. 445–455.   Pascual. C, Regidor. E, Martinez. D, ElisaCalle. M, Dominguez. V (2009), “Socioeconomic environment, availability of sports facilities, and jogging, swimming and gym use”, Health & Place, Vol. 15, Issue 2, pp. 553–561.   Pascual. C, Regidor. E, Astasio. P, Ortega. P, Navarro. P, Dominguez. V (2007), “The association of current and sustained area-based adverse socioeconomic environment with physical inactivity”, Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 65, Issue. 3, pp. 454–466.   Physical Education organization (1995), “Technical Tenet of Iran’s Stadium (Study of Today Status)”, Section 1, 1st Ed.   Rosentraub. M S (2006), “The Local Context of a Sports Strategy for Economic Development”, Economic Development Quarterly, Vol. 20, Issue. 3, pp. 278-291.   Sanderson. K, Harris. F, Russel. S (2000), “The economic Benefit of Sport: A Review”, Hong Kong sport development board, Business and Economic Research Ltd (Wellington, N.Z).   Santo. CH A (2005), “The Economic Impact of Sports Stadiums: Recasting the Analysis in Context”, journal of urban affairs, Vol. 27, Issue. 2, pp. 177–192.   Siegfried. John J& Zimbalist. A (2000), “The Economics of Sports Facilities and Their Communities”, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 14, Issue. 3, pp. 95-114.   Shamai. A& Mosivand. J (2011), “Classification of cities of Isfahan province in view point of tourism infrastructure by using TOPSIS and AHP models”, Urban - Regional Studies and Research Journal, 3rd Year, No. 10, pp. 23-40.   Soltan Panah. H, Farughi. H, Golabi. M (2010), “Utilization and Comparison of Multi Attribute Decision Techniques to Rank Countries in Terms of Human Development Index”, Knowledge and technology journal, No. 2, pp. 1-28.   Sun. Chia C, (2010), “a Performance Evaluation Model by Integrating Fuzzy AHP and Fuzzy TOPSIS Methods”, Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 37, Issue. 12, pp. 7745–7754.   Sun Yu. Chian (2002), “a GP-AHP Method for solving Group Decision-Making Fuzzy AHP Problems”, Computer and Operations Research, Vol. 29, Issue. 14, pp. 1969-2001.   Szucs. A, Moreau. S, Allard. F (2009), “Aspects of stadium design for warm climates”, Building and Environment, 44, pp. 1206–1214.   Tavari. M, Sukhekian. M A, Mirnejad. S A (2008), “Identification and Ranking the Effective Criteria on Manpower exploitation Using of MADM Methods”, Industrial Management, No. 1, pp. 71-88.   Van Lenthe. F J, Brug. J, Mackenbach. J P (2005), “Neighborhood inequalities in physical inactivity: the role of neighborhood attractiveness, proximity to local facilities and safety in the Netherlands”, Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 60, Issue. 4, pp. 763–775.   Varn. S& Su. V (2005), “Sport Geography and Recreation”, translated by Ahmadipoor. Z, 1st ed.   Wang. X& Triantaphyllou. E (2008), “Ranking Irregularities When Evaluating Alternatives by using Some ELECTRE Methods”, Omega, Vol. 36, Issue. 1, pp. 45 – 63.   Watson. J A (2006), “The Impact of the Manchester 2002 Commonwealth Games”, Retrieved from: http://www.sportdevelopment.org.uk/manimpactcpc.pdf.   Wilson. D K, Kirtland. K A, Ainsworth. B E, Addy. C l (2004), “Socioeconomic status and perceptions of access and safety for physical activity”, Annals of Behavioral Medicine, Vol. 28, Issue. 1, pp. 20–28.   Yuen. B (2008), “Sport and urban development in Singapore”, Cities, Vol. 25, Issue. 1, pp. 29-36.           Prioritizing social and economic effects of sport places on Urban Environment (A case study: Yazd City)       M. Soltanhosseini, M.Salimi, M. Salimi, M. Lotfi   Received: January 06, 2012/ Accepted: June 09, 2012, 17-21 P           Extended Abstract   1- Introduction   Sport facilities and sport places as one of important land uses in urban environment can have positive and negative effects on their surroundings, of which the most important can be addressed to economic and social ones. Thus, the purpose of this study was to identify, assess and prioritize the social and economic effects of sport places on the urban environment. Based on these objectives, five typical sport places (Shahid Sadoughi, Shahid Paak Nejad, Shahid Nassiri, 22nd Bahman, Kargaran sport complexes) were selected by special circumstances in Yazd city. The research goals were to recognize and determine the socioeconomic effects (impacts) of sport places on urban environment, which were obtained by searching and organizing relevant literature and valid scientific resources as well as discussing and exchanging views with outstanding professors and experts in urban planning and sport management. The research tool consisted of two questionnaires: 1) dual comparative questionnaire including 57 items in 2 sections in order to define input of AHP method, and 2) a questionnaire with Likert scale including 18 items in 2 sections in order to define inputs of SAW method and TOPSIS method. To gather data, the questionnaires were distributed among 162 individuals from the sample in Yazd city (53 persons from chairmen of sport federations, specialists from physical education office, and administrators from selected sport complexes, 14 persons from police officers, 12 persons from real estate agencies, 83 persons from residents in surroundings of selected sport complexes).       2- Theoretical Bases   - Sport Places: Places constructed for various sports activities, including outdoor and indoor locations.   - Economic and social effects (impacts) of sport places: Economic and social effects (impacts) which sports places exert on their surroundings in urban environment.     3- Discussion   Gathering the necessary data and prioritizing the determined effects (by three AHP, TOPSIS, and SAW methods) and analyzing data by one sample t-test, it was found that of the social effect items, the sport places increased the residents’ tendency to watch matches, tendency to do exercises, their happiness and freshness, and collective and sport cooperation among them, respectively. In general, and considering the social variables, although the obtained mean of views was higher than the average, this difference was not significant. In addition, other results from the study indicated that sport places did not influence all economic variables as well as none of their components.     4- Conclusion   The results showed sport places do not have much influence on the improvement of economic components in their surroundings. At present, sport industry is considered as the most profitable one in the world, however, it is in the hands of the countries provided its requirements, regarded it as a profitable resource, and dealt with it based on scientific studies, while the lack of suitable facilities and economic goals will result in nothing but losses and damages. On the other hand, the results from the present study and most of current studies show that sport places and their increased per capita budget will result in social positive effects in different dimensions such as increased healthiness, freshness, and vitality.     5- Suggestions   The followings are recommended based on the results from the study:   Increasing advertising through media and etc. in order to inform people about the sport’s advantages, since it will result in more acceptance by people and more social positive effects by sport places.   Paying more attention to land selection in urban environment including sport needs assessment.   Cultivating and promoting sport among enthusiasts and spectators in different ways, resulting in the reduction of social disorders arising from a variety of sports events.   Keywords: Sport places, social effects (impacts), economic effects, urban environment.     References   Alemi. M Jalalifar. H Kamali. G R& Kalbasi. M (2011), “A Mathematical Estimation for Artificial Lift Systems Selection Based on ELECTRE Model”, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 78, pp. 193–200.   Amiri. M P (2010), “Project Selection for Oil-Fields Development by Using the AHP and Fuzzy TOPSIS Methods”, Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 37, pp. 6218-6224.   Asgarian. F et al (2005), “evaluation of Iran sport Industry’s Economic Status from 1997 to 2000 years”, Harekat Journal, No. 25, p. 25.   Azar. A& Rajabzade. A (2009), “Applied Decision Making (MCDM Approach)”, 3rd Ed, Knowledge Vision Press, Tehran.   Baade, R. A. (1994), “Stadiums, Professional Sports, and Economic Development: Assessing the Reality”, Published In: Heartland Policy Study, No. 62.   Bale . J & Sang . J (1996), “Kenyan running: movement culture, geography and global change”, Frank Cass, London.   Chakraborty. S (2011), “Applications of the MOORA method for decision making in manufacturing environment”, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 54, pp. 1155-1166.   Chen. T Y &Tsao. C Y (2008), “The Interval-Valued Fuzzy TOPSIS Method and Experimental Analysis”, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, Vol. 159, Issue. 11, pp. 1410 – 1428.   Coates. D (2007), “Stadiums and Arenas: Economic Development or Economic Redistribution?”, Contemporary Economic Policy, Vol. 25, Issue. 4, pp. 565-577.   Coates. D& Humphreys. B R, (2000), “The Stadium Gambit and Local Economic Development”, Regulation, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 15-20.   Eraslan. E& Tansel. IC Y (2011), “a Multi-Criteria Approach for Determination of Investment Regions: Turkish Case”, Industrial Management & Data Systems, Vol. 111, No. 6, pp. 890-909.   Fakhri. R (2008), “Identification of Zobe Ahan’s Economic, Social and Traffic effects on urban Environment”, Physical Education and Sport Sciences Thesis, University of Isfahan.   Ghodsipoor, S A (2010), “Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)”, 8th Ed, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran.   Hall. J, O’Mahony. B, Vieceli, J (2010), “ An empirical model of attendance factors at major sporting events ”, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 29, Issue. 2, pp. 328-334.   Heger. M A. (2006), “Ballpark environmental report highlights traffic and noise”, from: www.community newspapers.com/archives/rosegardenresident/20060309/rg-letters2. Shtml .   Hoffmann. B A (2005), “Traffic, parking, crowds’ top local concerns over University of Minnesota stadium”, from: http://www.bridgelandnews.org/111 .   Jahanshahloo. G R Hosseinzadeh Lotfi. F& Izadikhah. M (2006), “Extension of the TOPSIS Method for Decision-Making Problems with Fuzzy Data”, Applied Mathematics and Computation 181, pp. 1544–1551.   Geographical and Cartography institution (1989), “Iran total atlas”.   John. P (1994), “Urban Spatials, Design, Management and Execution”, Translated by Hossein Rezaie, 1st Ed, Tehran.   Jones. C (2002), “Public cost for Private gain? Recent and proposed national stadium developments in the UK, and commonalities with North America”, Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers), Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 160-170.   Judd. Dennis R& Fainstein .Susan S (1999), “The tourist city”, Yale University Press.   Kargar. Gh (2005), “Analyze of Iran’s Sport Places Status and Identification of Effective Criteria in Exploitation from Experts” Approach and Recommendation of exploitation Model”, Harekat Journal, N0. 28, pp. 127-149.   Kashef. M M& Mehrizi. M (2010), “Management of Sport Places”, 2nd Ed.   Kasimati. E& Dawson. P (2009), “Assessing the impact of the 2004 Olympic Games on the Greek economy: A small macroeconometric model”, economic modeling, 26 (1), pp. 139- 146. Congress: Future of Sport Management Proceeding, Firenze: Italy.   King. B (2002), “Passion that can’t be counted puts billions of dollars in play”, Street& Smith’s Sports Business Journal, 4 (47), pp. 25-39.   Khoienejad. Gh (2000), “Research Methods in Cultural Sciences”, Samt Press, Tehran.   Lai. W H, Chang P L, Chou. Y C (2010), “Fuzzy MCDM Approach to R&D Project Evaluation in Taiwan’s Public Sectors”, Journal of Technology Management in China, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 84-101.   Macintyre. S, Ellaway. A, (1998), “Social and local variations in the use of urban neighborhoods: a case study in Glasgow”, Health & Place, Vol. 4, Issue. 1, pp. 91–94.   Madrigal. R (2001), “Social Identity Effects in a Belief- Attitude-Intentions Hierarchy: Implications for Corporate Sponsorship”, Psychology and Marketing, Vol. 18, Issue. 2, pp. 145-165.   Mohharamzade. M (2007), “Sport Organization Management”, 2nd Ed, University of Urmia.   Momeni. M (2010), “New discussions in operation in research”, 1st Ed, University of Tehran.   Opricovic. S& Tzeng. G H (2004), “Compromise Solution by MCDM Methods: A Comparative Analysis of VIKOR and TOPSIS”, European Journal of Operational Research, 156, pp. 445–455.   Pascual. C, Regidor. E, Martinez. D, ElisaCalle. M, Dominguez. V (2009), “Socioeconomic environment, availability of sports facilities, and jogging, swimming and gym use”, Health & Place, Vol. 15, Issue 2, pp. 553–561.   Pascual. C, Regidor. E, Astasio. P, Ortega. P, Navarro. P, Dominguez. V (2007), “The association of current and sustained area-based adverse socioeconomic environment with physical inactivity”, Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 65, Issue. 3, pp. 454–466.   Physical Education organization (1995), “Technical Tenet of Iran’s Stadium (Study of Today Status)”, Section 1, 1st Ed.   Rosentraub. M S (2006), “The Local Context of a Sports Strategy for Economic Development”, Economic Development Quarterly, Vol. 20, Issue. 3, pp. 278-291.   Sanderson. K, Harris. F, Russel. S (2000), “The economic Benefit of Sport: A Review”, Hong Kong sport development board, Business and Economic Research Ltd (Wellington, N.Z).   Santo. CH A (2005), “The Economic Impact of Sports Stadiums: Recasting the Analysis in Context”, journal of urban affairs, Vol. 27, Issue. 2, pp. 177–192.   Siegfried. John J& Zimbalist. A (2000), “The Economics of Sports Facilities and Their Communities”, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 14, Issue. 3, pp. 95-114.   Shamai. A& Mosivand. J (2011), “Classification of cities of Isfahan province in view point of tourism infrastructure by using TOPSIS and AHP models”, Urban - Regional Studies and Research Journal, 3rd Year, No. 10, pp. 23-40.   Soltan Panah. H, Farughi. H, Golabi. M (2010), “Utilization and Comparison of Multi Attribute Decision Techniques to Rank Countries in Terms of Human Development Index”, Knowledge and technology journal, No. 2, pp. 1-28.   Sun. Chia C, (2010), “a Performance Evaluation Model by Integrating Fuzzy AHP and Fuzzy TOPSIS Methods”, Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 37, Issue. 12, pp. 7745–7754.   Sun Yu. Chian (2002), “a GP-AHP Method for solving Group Decision-Making Fuzzy AHP Problems”, Computer and Operations Research, Vol. 29, Issue. 14, pp. 1969-2001.   Szucs. A, Moreau. S, Allard. F (2009), “Aspects of stadium design for warm climates”, Building and Environment, 44, pp. 1206–1214.   Tavari. M, Sukhekian. M A, Mirnejad. S A (2008), “Identification and Ranking the Effective Criteria on Manpower exploitation Using of MADM Methods”, Industrial Management, No. 1, pp. 71-88.   Van Lenthe. F J, Brug. J, Mackenbach. J P (2005), “Neighborhood inequalities in physical inactivity: the role of neighborhood attractiveness, proximity to local facilities and safety in the Netherlands”, Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 60, Issue. 4, pp. 763–775.   Varn. S& Su. V (2005), “Sport Geography and Recreation”, translated by Ahmadipoor. Z, 1st ed.   Wang. X& Triantaphyllou. E (2008), “Ranking Irregularities When Evaluating Alternatives by using Some ELECTRE Methods”, Omega, Vol. 36, Issue. 1, pp. 45 – 63.   Watson. J A (2006), “The Impact of the Manchester 2002 Commonwealth Games”, Retrieved from: http://www.sportdevelopment.org.uk/manimpactcpc.pdf.   Wilson. D K, Kirtland. K A, Ainsworth. B E, Addy. C l (2004), “Socioeconomic status and perceptions of access and safety for physical activity”, Annals of Behavioral Medicine, Vol. 28, Issue. 1, pp. 20–28.   Yuen. B (2008), “Sport and urban development in Singapore”, Cities, Vol. 25, Issue. 1, pp. 29-36.         https://urs.ui.ac.ir/article_20038_438ec786aa11972ea389678902efaa9f.pdf