معاونت پژوهش و فناوری دانشگاه اصفهانمطالعات و پژوهشهای شهری و منطقهای (توقف انتشار)2008-53543920110723Womenâs Awareness about Citizenship Rights and the Effective Factors on itآگاهی زنان از حقوق شهروندی و عوامل موثر بر آن11819985FAجعفرهزارجریبیابوالفضلامانیانJournal Article20160614 Womenâs Awareness about Citizenship Rights and the Effective Factors on it    J. Hezarjaribi.  Associate Professor of Social Sciences, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran   e-mail: jafar_hezar@yahoo.com   A. Amanian. Ph.D student in social welfare, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran   Received: 16 October 2010 / Accepted: 14 May 2011, 1-3 P    Extended abstract  1- Intro duction  The issue of citizenship and how citizens make sense of the concept is increasingly the subject of social research. Citizenship as a multi dimensional concept, offers the capacity for an exploration of the dynamics of social division to take in a number of important dimensions (class, gender, race, disability, age and so on) when assessing both the levels and causes of inequality within a society. This research tries to survey womenâs awareness about citizenship rights and the effective factors on it.    2- Theoretical Bases  In this study, different views on citizenship rights and opinions of Marx (Class, conciseness and citizenship rights), Habermas (civil society and Public Sphere), Turner (Mass media role) and Parsons (Particularism â Universalism) were used to establish a     theoretical framework and design research hypotheses including being a correlation between the degree of attending public spheres, socioeconomic status, usage of mass media and awareness about citizenship rights.   3- Discussion  This is a descriptive measurement study using a questionnaire designed by the researchers. The study population was all the women employed in municipal offices at the time of the study. Estimating the sample size, we used a stratified cluster sampling method and Cochran formula were applied and 270 people were from current female municipal workers of Tehran in 2010. The data were analyzed by SPSS software. To complete the analysis Kendal's tau-b and Gamma tests, Chi-Squared test and multiple variable regression analysis methods were also used to analyze our data as properly as possible. The dependant variable studied in this research was the level of awareness about citizenship rights which was categorized to civil, political, cultural, social and gender-based rights. The independent variables included the degree of attending public spheres, socioeconomic status, and usage of mass media. The mean score of awareness on citizenship rights was 11.32 with SD=0.726. The range of scores was from 0 to 18. The study showed that 35.2% of participants in the survey had a low awareness of citizenship rights, 45.6% of them had a moderate awareness of citizenship rights and only 19.3% of the participants had a high level of awareness of the citizenship rights studied in this research.   4- Conclusion  There was a significant correlation between the degree of attending public spheres, socioeconomic status, and usage of mass media, and level of awareness of citizenship rights which proved the hypothesis. Even by excluding educational level from the data analysis, there was still a significant correlation between the dependant and independent variables. According to regression analysis, the most important predictor of awareness about citizenship rights was the degree of attending public spheres.   5- Suggestions  Citizenship and culture of citizenship are vintages of responsibility and commitments of different society elements such as state, private and public sphere that shape civil society. According to results of this study we fallowing recommendations are suggested:  5-1- Strategic education planning for women and other citizens about their rights, obligations and identities.  5-2- Strategic planning for institutionalization of citizenship rights and obligations in public and private sphere, studying citizenship values, reinforcement of universalism and civic ethics to increase awareness about citizenship rights to achieve active citizenship.  Key Words : Citizenship Rights, Womenâs Awareness, Mass Media, Public Sphere   References    Ahmadi, F. (2004). The impact of awareness about citizenship rights and obligations in City on citizenship rights achievement process. MA thesis. Al Zahra University.  Ansari, M. (2005). Negotiated Democracy. Tehran. Markaz publication.  Castels, Stephen & Davidson, Albester, (2003). Citizenship and Migration. Translated by: Faramarz Taghiloo. Tehran. Strategic studies Center pub.  Faulk, k. (2000). Citizenship . London Rutledge.  Fitzpatick, T. (2002). Welfare Theory. Translated by: Hormoz Homayon pour. Game no publication.  Hesam, Farahnaz, (2002). Citizenship Identity. Andishe va Raftar. No 51.  Lister, R. (1997). Citizenship: Feminist perspectives. Basingstoke: Macmillan.  Oliver, dawn & Heater, derrick, (1994). The foundations of citizen ship , create Britain : harvester wheat sheaf.  Prior, W. (2000). The Australian experience of preparing schools communities for citizenship education â our civic duty? Paper presented at SLO International conference, SLO, Enscheda â The Nether Land  Rabo, A. ( 1996). GENDER ,State and civil society in Jordan and Syria , in c. hank and E Dunn, challenging western Model. London Rutledge.  Roberts, b. (2000). The social context of citizen ship in Latin America, oxford. oxford university press.  Shiani, M. (2005). Citizenship and participation in Social security and welfare system. Quarterly Journal of social Welfare, No 17.  Shiani, M. (2002). A sociological analysis of citizenship condition in Lorestan. Journal of Iranian Sociology Association. No 3.  Shiani, M. (2003). Citizenship condition and achievement obstacles. PhD thesis in Sociology. Allame Tabatabaei University.  Shiani, M. (2004). Poverty, Deprivation and citizenship. Quarterly Journal of social Welfare, No 27.  Tavasoli. G., & Nejatihosseini, M. (2004). Social reality of Citizenship in Iran. Journal of Iranian Sociology Association. No 3.  Walby, S. (1998). Gender Transformation. London :Rutledge  William, R, (1997), Hegel s ethics of Recognition. California University of California Press.  Zokaie, M. (2001). Citizenship Ethics. Journal of Iranian Sociology Association. No 5.    هدف این پژوهش بررسی میزان آگاهی زنان از حقوق شهروندی و عوامل مؤثر بر آن در بین زنان شاغل در شهرداری تهران است ، که به صورت استخدام رسمی یا قرارداری در این سازمان مشغول بهکار هستند. دیدگاههای مختلف در رابطه با حقوق شهروندی بررسی و نظرات هابرماس، پارسونز، مارکس، ترنر به منظور چارچوب نظری انتخاب و فرضیات تحقیق که شامل وجود رابطه بین متغیرهایی چون میزان حضور در عرصه عمومی، نگرش به حقوق شهروندی، پایگاه اجتماعی، میزان استفاده از رسانههای ارتباط جمعی با میزان آگاهی از حقوق شهروندی بوده ، تدوین گردیده است. روش تحقیق، تبیینی از نوع پیمایش است و تکنیک جمعآوری دادهها پرسشنامه محقق ساخته است. جامعه آماری شامل کلیه زنان شاغل در شهرداری تهران است که در زمان تکمیل پرسشنامه در این سازمان حضور داشتهاند. برای برآورد حجم نمونه با استفاده از فرمول کوکران، تعداد270 نفر از جامعه آماری1842نفری را انتخاب نمودهایم. روش نمونهگیری خوشهای چند مرحلهای است. دادهها با استفاده از نرمافزار SPSS تجزیه و تحلیل شدهاند و از آزمونهای کندال تای بی و گاما برای همبستگیهای ترتیبی و آزمون کای اسکوئر برای سطح اسمی – ترتیبی در جداول متقاطع توافقی و همچنین تحلیل چند متغیره رگرسیونی و تکنیک تحلیل مسیر استفاده شده است. متغیر وابسته این پژوهش میزان آگاهی از حقوق شهروندی بوده، که به تفکیک به صورت آگاهی از حقوق مدنی ، آگاهی از حقوق سیاسی ، آگاهی حقوق فرهنگی ، آگاهی از حقوق اجتماعی، آگاهی از حقوق جنسیتی مورد سنجش قرار گرفته است. میانگین نمره آگاهی از حقوق شهروندی پاسخگویان برابر32/11 با انحراف معیار 726/0 است . دامنه تغییرات نمره پاسخگویان در این متغیر از 0 تا 18 به دست آمده است و در نهایت 2/35 درصد از پاسخگویان آگاهی پایینی از حقوق شهروندی داشتند، 6/45 درصد آگاهی متوسط و تنها 3/19 درصد از آگاهی بالایی برخوردار بودهاند. میزان حضور در عرصه عمومی، میزان استفاده از رسانههای جمعی، پایگاه اقتصادی اجتماعی و نگرش به حقوق شهروندی با میزان آگاهی زنان از حقوق شهروندی ارتباط معنی داری داشتهاند. https://urs.ui.ac.ir/article_19985_dd3ae0f5d695417558fa6961a8e61083.pdfمعاونت پژوهش و فناوری دانشگاه اصفهانمطالعات و پژوهشهای شهری و منطقهای (توقف انتشار)2008-53543920110723The Vulnerability Assessment of Urban Housing in Earthquake against (A Case Study: 9th district of Tehran municipality)ارزیابی آسیبپذیری مساکن شهری در برابر زلزله (مطالعه موردی منطقه 9 شهرداری تهران)193619986FAجمالامینیمحسناحدنژادمحسناحدنژادمنوچهرفرجزاده اصلJournal Article20160614 The Vulnerability Assessment of Urban Housing in Earthquake against (A Case Study: 9th district of Tehran municipality)   M. Farajzadeh. Associate Professor of Remote Sensing, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran e-mail: farajzam@modares.ac.ir M. Ahadnezhad. Assistant Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran J. Amini. M.A of Remote Sensing, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran  Received: 15 September 2010 / Accepted: 1 February 2011, 4-6 P    Extended abstract  1- Intro duction  Tectonic features of the Iran, has raised the earthquake as one of the most destructive causes of destruction of human life. Historical review shows that large areas of Iran have been suffered by natural disasters and caused heavy human and financial loss. Because of this important issue it is needed to reduce earthquake vulnerability. The city of Tehran as one of the largest and most important cities, due to the geographic location of this city on several active faults and historical records of these faults activities can be said to face a massive earthquake in near future, so the 9th district of Tehran municipality, is selected as the study area. In this research TOPSIS Fuzzy model is used to assess and analyze vulnerabilities in the study area, considering different earthquake intensities.    2- Theoretical Bases  Basic concept of TOPSIS is based on the belief that selected options should have lowest distance from positive ideal points and most distance from negative ideal points. Since many of the variables related to the issue in the real world are linguistic and qualitative variables, so in these issues it is better toapply Model Fuzzy Decision Model, such as TOPSIS Fuzzy model, which shows the importance of standards and options performance according to the various characteristics, using fuzzy numbers, instead of integers.   3- Discussion  The results of the regions vulnerability assessment used shows that 73.66 percent of buildings in this area have moderate vulnerability, that are the northeast, east and southeast parts of this regions that included a maximum number of housing. Then, assessment of different earthquake intensities, the building damages were evaluated in the intensities of 6 and 7 and 8 Mercalli intensity scale. The results show that in intensity 6 of Mercalli scale, buildings damage in ranked between zero and one. In intensity 7, buildings damage was ranked between one and two and in intensity 8 buildings damage was ranks higher than two.   4- Conclusion  Many models are presented to analyze and evaluate the seismic vulnerability of cities and various researches have been done. In those works inside the country the investigated area was not small. Also, in today's world, in many variables related to current issues of real world are qualitative and linguistic, So, in these issues it is better to use fuzzy models, No doubt regional vulnerability is related to human characteristics in that region and a reflection of human behavior and human management practices, because the construction and implementation of engineering principles in construction depend on management comments and thoughts, After so, in any investigation, the applied models shoud be compatible with the study area conditions.   5- Suggestions  - Create an organized GIS database of cities, analysis of vulnerability of earthquake-prone areas, designing softwares for vulnerability analysis and assessment based on the analyzed model in this study.  - Vulnerability assessment of Tehran and other earthquake-prone regions of the country, to make necessary measures to reduce vulnerability in these areas.  Keywords: Vulnerability, Earthquake, District Number 9 of Tehranâs City Hall, Intuitionistic Fuzzy, TOPSIS Fuzzy Model.    References    Ahadnejad, M. (2009). Modeling of Urban Vulnerability in Earthquake Against, Case Study Zanjan, Thesis geography and urban planning at steerage gharakhlo, University of Tehran.  Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). (2001). Micro Zoning Project of the Great Tehran.  Amod Adviser Engineers architecture and Urbanism. (2006). report Plan of formal Region9 Tehran.  Asgharpor, M. J. (2008). Multiple Criteria Decision Making, University of Tehran Publishing.  Hataminejad, H., Fathi, H., & Eshghabadi, F. (2009). Criterion Vulnerability Assessment Earthquake about City, Case Study Region10 Tehran, Journal of Researches Human geography, No 68, 1-20.  Azizi, M. M., & Akbari, R. (2008). Urbanism Regarding about Evaluation Cities Vulnerability from Earthquake, Journal of beautiful Arts, No34, 25-36.  Chen, Ty., & Tsao, CY. (2008). the interval-valued fuzzy TOPSIS method and experimental analysis, Fuzzy Sets and Systems 159, 1410 â 1428.  Ebert, A., Kerle, N., & Stein, A. (2009). Urban social vulnerability assessment with physical proxies and spatial metrics derived from air- and spaceborne imagery and GIS data, Nat Hazards 48, 275â294.  Giovinazzi, S., Lagomarsino, S., & Pampanin, S. (2006).Vulnerability Methods and Damage Scenario for Seismic Risk Analysis as Support to Retrofit Strategies: a European Perspective, NZSEE Conference.  Houser, G., & Egenning, P. C. (1993). Risk analysis, First Edition Earthquake Engineering Research Institute. Oakland, USA.  Koorepazan dezfuli, A. (2008). Principles of Fuzzy Set theory and its Applications in the Modeling of Water Engineering Problems, edition2, Publishing of collegiate jahad unit Amirkabir Industrial.  Lantada, N., Pujades, L., & Barbat, A. (2009). Vulnerability index and capacity spectrum based methods for urban seismic risk evaluation. A comparison, Nat Hazards 51:501â524.  Milutinovic, Z., & Trendafiloski, G. (2003). an advanced approach to earthquake risk scenarios with applications to different European towns, RISK_UE Contract: EVK4-CT-2000-00014.  Saaty, T. L. (2008). Relative Measurement and Its Generalization in Decision Making, RACSAM, VOL. 102 (2).  Tang, A., & Wen, A. (2009). an intelligent simulation system for earthquake disaster assessment, Computers & Geosciences 35, 871â 879.  Tavakoli, B., & Tavakoli, S. (1993). Estimating the Vulnerability and Loss functions of Residential Buildings, Journal of the International Society for the Presentational Mitigation of Natural Hazard 7(2).  UNDP. (2004). Reducing Disaster Risk, A Challenge for Development.  Zangiabadi, A., mohammadi, J., safaii, H., & ghaederrahmati, S. (2007). Analysis Vulnerability Indexes urban Settlements against Earthquake risk, Case Study City Settlements Esfahan, Geography and development, No 12, 61-79.  تهران به عنوان یکی از شهرهای مهم ایران به واسطه قرار گرفتن چندین گسل فعال در اطراف و درون آن از ریسک بالایی در برابر خطر زلزله برخوردار است، براین اساس بررسیهای مربوط به آسیبپذیری لرزهای این شهر یکی از ضروریات مدیریت شهری تهران است. با توجه به این مهم منطقه 9 شهرداری تهران به عنوان منطقه مورد مطالعه انتخاب شد، روش تحقیق و تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات جمعآوری شده با توجه به روشهای مبتنی بر پایگاه اطلاعاتی و با بهرهگیری از مدل TOPSIS Fuzzy و نرم افزارهای مبتنی بر رویکرد سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی صورت میپذیرد. معیارهای مصالح ساختمانی، قدمت ساختمان، تعداد طبقات، کیفیت ابنیه، تراکم جمعیت، سازگاری کابریها و وضعیت قرارگیری ساختمان در بلوک برای انجام پژوهش مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. نتایج حاصله حاکی از آسیبپذیر بودن منطقه 9 شهرداری تهران در برابر زلزله و کارایی مدل TOPSIS Fuzzy در ارزیابی آسیبپذیری منطقه مورد مطالعه است. https://urs.ui.ac.ir/article_19986_e60b87f993fb49909beb47f131b0cf53.pdfمعاونت پژوهش و فناوری دانشگاه اصفهانمطالعات و پژوهشهای شهری و منطقهای (توقف انتشار)2008-53543920110723Assessment of spatial consequences of establishment of industrial towns in rural areas (case stady central part of Minudasht)ارزیابی پیامدهای فضایی استقرار شهرکهای صنعتی در نواحی روستایی (بخش مرکزی شهرستان مینودشت)375819987FAعلیطورانیسیدحسنمطیعیلنگرودیرضاسلیمانگلیJournal Article20160614 Assessment of spatial consequences of establishment of industrial towns in rural areas (case stady central part of Minudasht)    S. H. Motiee Langroodi, Professor of Geography and Rural Planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran  e-mail: shmotiee@ut.ac.ir  A. Toorani. M.A of Geography and Rural Planning, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran  R. Soleimangoli, M.A of Geography and Rural Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran  Received: 4 Desember 2010 / Accepted: 14 May 2011, 7-10 P    Extended abstract  1- Intro duction  The rural areas are considered as limited geographical regions developed over time from the impacts of human activities on the environment, in one hand, and the effects of external forces on the regions on the other. The rural economy plays an essential role in the location, residence survival, production of wealth, and employment creation. Agricultural activities are as initial foundations of economics in rural areas but today it is essential to pay more attention to non-agricultural activities and seek to find new ways of subsistence based on the rural intrinsic sources. Therefore, since the World War II many developing countries have taken industrialization and establishment of industries in rural areas as industrial towns into account, in order to achieve the social and economic development especially in these areas.   Thus, the objective of this paper is to assess the spatial outcomes of such activities in these areas. The purposes of the study can be stated as following:  - Identification and assessment of social and economic outcomes of the establishment of industrial activities in rural areas of Minudasht as industrial towns.  - Examination of the physical and environmental consequences of the establishment of the industries in the town upon the surrounding rural areas.  - Providing sound suggestions for these activities having in positive effects on the rural areas and to obtain the goals of local and regional development plans in the different spatial dimensions.  Two main questions are stated in the study:  - What outcomes do the establishment of industrial towns and the advent of industrial activities in rural areas have on the lives of the people engaged in the industries?  - What impacts do the industrial activities of these towns have physically and environmentally upon the adjacent rural areas?  The research used Descriptive-Analytic Method and the data of the study was provided from the literature questionnaire asked from rural people engaged in these industries, the interview from the town management and the direct observation. The study area includes the villages in the centeral part of Minudasht located in the east of the Gorgan City. The population of the study is those people resident in these towns industrial activities. The questionnaire data were analyzed by non parametric Willcocson Mc Nemar Tests in SPSS Software.   2- Theoretical Bases  Industrialization means the evolution of the technology in order to enhance the quality of life for the present and the future generations. The rural industrialization was introduced as a part of the comprehensive rural development capable of initiating job opportunities and providing rural needs for rural development. In Iran, the development of industry and manufacturing in the form of industrial town and complexes was taken to a large extent into consideration in recent decades. The goal of such towns was expressed by the Enterprise of Industrial Towns: stimulation of industrial development particularly small industries, increasing the productivity and performance of industrial units, modernization of small factories, bringing a balance between the advanced and underdeveloped areas, utilizing the natural resources in the region, performing the policy of population distribution, employment and the security measures.   3- Discussion  Job creation and income generation are some direct influences of these towns. Now, about 300 people of those engaged in the towns are residing in rural areas and about 161 people live in the central part of Minudasht. Based on the results of the study regarding the economic circumstances of the engaged rural people between the two periods before and after their engagement, there are significant relationships between the amount of income and saving as well as satisfaction and job security. There are such significant differences between the consumption pattern and the quality of lives between these tow periods. From social point of view such differences can be observed in the sanction and life satisfaction and recreation. The main environmental and physical effects of the establishment of the industries are air pollution, the annoying odor from the industrial savages and the magnificent changes in agricultural land use and environmental landscapes.   4- Conclusion  Indeed, industrialization is an essential and determining factor in social and economic development in the developing countries of the world. The suitable selection of an industry is important in its success and also in the growth and development of that area. If the selection of areas for the industries is based on the wise rules and principles, it can act as a strategy to prepare that area for development and progress in different rural spatial dimensions otherwise, it may carry some devastating effects and damage to the area. In the study we indicated that location of the towns had some positive and adverse effects: job creation, increase in income and savings, increase in satisfaction and job security, improvement in quality of life and sanction, rise of the people involvement in the village affairs, and an increase in living in that area. The negative effects include the air pollution, savages odor and changes in land use and landscapes.   5- Suggestions  5-1- Proper selection of the location for the industries and avoiding their development in fertile lands  5-2- Considering the environmental measures  5-3- Creation and expansion of two way ties with the surrounding rural areas and local markets  5-4- Providing the foundations for involvment of the rural people in these activities and giving some privileges to rural employers  5-5- Education for the rural people in industrial skills, and initiating some training and educational centers for rural people  5-6- Expanding ther towns activities to include cultural, social, and sport ones  5-7- Creation of facilities for employees in the towns and surrounding rurals  5-8- Evaluation of the performance of the towns to achieve the goals of sustainable development.  Keywords: Rural industries, industrial towns, rural development, Minudasht    References    Batov. G. (2006). 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Rural industries and water pollution in China, Journal of Environmental Management 86, 648â659.   احداث صنایع و استقرار فعالیتهای صنعتی در قالب شهرکها در نواحی روستایی از جمله پدیدههایی است که پیامدهای گوناگونی در بر داشته است. از این رو پژوهش حاضر با توجه به اهمیت موضوع، به ارزیابی این پیامدها در ابعاد مختلف فضایی پرداخته است. روش تحقیق در این پژوهش توصیفی، تحلیلی است. جامعه آماری، آن دسته از شاغلان شهرک صنعتی مینودشت هستند که در روستاهای بخش مرکزی این شهرستان سکونت دارند که با استفاده از فرمول نمونه گیری کوکران، حجم نمونه 114 نفر برآورد، و به روش نمونه گیری تصادفی نمونهها انتخاب شدند. و دادههای حاصل از پرسشنامه با استفاده از نرم افزار spss تجزیه وتحلیل شدند. جهت تعیین میزان تغییرات اجتماعی و اقتصادی در زندگی روستاییان در دو وضعیت قبل و بعد اشتغال، در شهرک صنعتی و همچنین سنجش تغییرات محیطی-کالبدی در اطراف شهرک؛ از آزمونهای ناپارامتری ویلکاکسون و مک نمار و آزمونهای توصیفی استفاده شد. یافتهها بیانگر آن است که، استقرار شهرک صنعتی در ناحیه مورد مطالعه، پیامدها و تغییرات مختلفی به جای گذاشته است. ایجاد اشتغال و کسب درآمد به طور مستقیم برای تعدادی از روستاییان از جمله آثار مثبت این شهرک است؛ اکثریت این افراد قبل از اشتغال در بخش صنعت، در فعالیتهای کشاورزی مشغول بودهاند که تعداد زیادی از آنها پس از اشتغال در شهرک صنعتی، فعالیتهای کشاورزی خود را رها کردهاند. همچنین حدود یک سوم از شاغلان روستایی شهرک را زنان تشکیل می دهند که این مطلب نشان دهنده عملکرد مثبت استقرار صنایع در این ناحیه در زمینه اشتغال زنان است. نتایج به دست آمده از آزمون ویلکاکسون درمورد مولفههای میزان درآمد و پس انداز شاغلین روستایی، رضایت شغلی، امنیت شغلی، میزان تمایل برای ادامه زندگی در روستا، وضعیت مسافرت و تفریح، بهبود وضعیت بهداشت و درمان، گویای تفاوت معنا داری است. همچنین نتایج به دست آمده از آزمون مک نمار، در رابطه با مولفههای مربوط به الگوی مصرف و کیفیت زندگی تفاوتهای معناداری را در دو دوره قبل و بعد از اشتغال در شهرک صنعتی، نشان میدهد. در زمینه پیامدهای محیطی- کالبدی از آزمونهای توصیفی استفاده شد؛ با توجه به نتایج به دست آمده از مهمترین پیامدها در این بعد، می توان به آلودگی هوا، تغییر کاربری وسیع زمینهای کشاورزی مرغوب و تغییر در چشم اندازهای محیطی اشاره کرد.https://urs.ui.ac.ir/article_19987_654660dd3001d0feb20877fb7f2e2be9.pdfمعاونت پژوهش و فناوری دانشگاه اصفهانمطالعات و پژوهشهای شهری و منطقهای (توقف انتشار)2008-53543920110723Assessment and Strategy formulation of destination in the framework of Tourism sustainable development (case study the city of Mashhad)ارزیابی و تدوین استراتژی مقصد در چارچوب توسعه پایدارگردشگری نمونه مورد مطالعه: کلان شهر مشهد598219988FAمصطفیقدمیمصطفیقدمیJournal Article20160614 Assessment and Strategy formulation of destination in the framework of Tourism sustainable development (case study the city of Mashhad)   M. Ghadami, Assistant professor of Geography and urban planning, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran  e-mail: ghadami56@gmail.com   Received: 3 August 2010 / Accepted: 16 April 2011, 11-14 P    Extended abstract  1- Intro duction  Mashhad as the second religious metropolis in the world and as the countryâs spiritual capital, is encountered with cost and benefit challenges towards sustainable tourism development. If the present condition continues, all the weaknesses and threats of Mashhad tourism system, will profoundly affect its abilities towards tourism sustainable development in long-term, while the city has competitive advantages in tourism development. So optimum exploitation of its all tourism abilities in a long- term, clear and sustainable framework, can play a noticeable role towards national and regional development goals. According to  situation of Mashhad in countryâs tourism and urban system and its numerous problems, this research aimed To assess the tourism development model of Mashhad metropolitan area and offering proper strategies.   2- Theoretical Bases  Tourism sustainable development approach shows a turn from traditional neoclassic approaches in tourism to a holistic and more systematic approach in which, not only the market needs are respected but also social and environmental necessities are emphasized (Hawkes & Williams, 1993: V). Some authors define sustainable tourism as an approach, which involvs long-term lifetime and quality for either natural resource or human resource (Bram well & Lane, 1993:71). Tourism sustainable development is the process of improving the host quality of life, supplying the guest needs, and as well natural and human resource conservation. (Butler, 1998: 25 Hall & Lew,1998: 24 UNCED, 1992 Hunter & Green, 1995: 22 WTO, 1996) .   3- Discussion  In this analysis, while tourism supply and demand of Mashhad have been reviewed, SWOT technique and Internal- External Analysis (IEA), and QSPM have been utilized in the line of research questions and objectives.  The main results show that Mashhad, as a touristic area, has deep and serious weaknesses compared to its strengths based on the internal factors. Although, the area enjoys strong opportunities as guaranteed religious domestic tourism market, which will provide proper basis in achieving development goals.  There is an unexpected point. While Mashhad is counted as one of the main tourism destination in the world, it is faced with key weaknesses in tourism services supply because of low abilities of urban and tourism management system. In this regard, the lack of tourism strategic plans and reliance on fitful and short time actions in destinationâs tourism management process are also added to the problems. These weaknesses will interrupt exploitation of current opportunities, which is not sustainable manner in long-term period. This analysis has confronted to some financial-temporal restrictions so the followed affairs are suggested to next researchers: participating analysis methods, feasibility study on establishing the integrated tourism management strategies, respect for tourists attitude to tourism management in the destination.   4- Conclusion  The main results of the analysis regarding the internal and external factors show that the destinationâs tourism sector confronts to some more strong opportunities and weaknesses than threats and strengths.  Enjoying the guarantied domestic tourism market and its growing rate and adapted typology of its tourism market to government ideological principles are counted as some key factors to improving Mashhad strategic situation towards tourism sustainable development.  Nevertheless, on the other hand, the world religious metropolitan area faces some serious weaknesses and threats in the field of tourism management. Multiplex tourism management system, poor executive system, growing trend of dissatisfaction of domestic tourists, low ability of urban and tourism management system, and short term and emergency decision making without reliance on strategic plans are some of the key threats and weaknesses.   5- Suggestions  Strategic assessment results of present situation of Mashhad metropolitan area show that in a 25 years perspective, WO strategies seems to be suitable tourism development strategies. Establishment of integrated tourism management strategy - among five kinds of alternative WO strategies - aimed to harmonize and clarifiy of goals, policies, and acts of different executive tourism sectors and encouragement of coordinated and aligned movement in the metropolitan tourism management system sounds optimum.  Key Words : Tourism sustainable development, strategic assessment, integrated tourism management Strategy, Mashhad.   References    Amanian, A. 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Using the analytic network process (ANP) in a SWOT analysis â A case study for a textile firm, Information Sciences, no 177. pp440-458.   هدف این تحقیق ارزیابی استراتژیک و ارائه استراتژیهای بهینه بخش گردشگری کلانشهر مشهد در چارچوب رویکرد توسعه پایدار گردشگری است. روش تحقیق از نوع توصیفی و تحلیلی مبتنی بر مشاهدات میدانی و تهیه چک لیست و استفاده از ابزارهای تحلیلی SWOT ,IEA, QSPM بوده است. در فرایند تحقیق ضمن بررسی دادهها و اطلاعات جمع آوری شده از منابع مختلف و بررسیهای میدانی، مجموعه یافتهها با استفاده از ابزار SWOT طبقه بندی وجمع شد. سپس به منظور تعیین موقعیت استراتژیک مقصد و اولویت بندی عوامل درونی و بیرونی و تعیین نوع استراتژیهای چهارگانه در راستای اهداف از ابزار IEA استفاده شد و در نهایت با استفاده از روش QSPM اولویتهای استراتژیک تعیین شد. نتایج نشان میدهد حوزه گردشگری مشهد در راستای توسعه پایدار گردشگری با ضعفهای عمیق تری نسبت به قوتها روبرو ست. اما به لحاظ محیط بیرونی با فرصتهای متعدد و قوی تر روبروست که در صورت اتخاذ و پیاده سازی استراتژیهای WO به ویژه تلاش در جهت تحقق مدیریت یکپارچه گردشگری میتوان به نتایج مطلوب تری دست یافت. https://urs.ui.ac.ir/article_19988_6e4d8258302b26b015b0fc7fd925f3f8.pdfمعاونت پژوهش و فناوری دانشگاه اصفهانمطالعات و پژوهشهای شهری و منطقهای (توقف انتشار)2008-53543920110723Analysis of social linkages in population movement and its underlying factors over the past decades in West Azarbaijan Province, Iranبررسی و تحلیل ابعاد پیوندهای جمعیتی در استان آذربایجان غربی8310019989FAنادرزالینادرزالینورالدینعظیمیJournal Article20160614 Analysis of social linkages in population movement and its underlying factors over the past decades in West Azarbaijan Province, Iran     N. Zali,  Assistant Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Gilan, Rasht, Iran  e-mail: nzali@guilan.ac.ir   N. Azimi,  Assistant Professor of Geography and development, University of Gilan, Rasht, Iran  Received: 15 September 2010 / Accepted: 14 May 2011, 15-18 P    Extended abstract  1- Intro duction  Internal migration between regions is an important social process in many countries which reflects the reaction of people against the economic, social and regional inequalities in many aspects of the life. Intense migration started approximately 300 years ago in European societies however, in developing countries it has been begun since 1960( Lucas, 1381 : 156-163 ). The d ominant form of migrations in developing nations in past years has mainly been rural -urban which has led to the rapid expansion of cities. The outcome has mainly been problems such as deprived rural areas , over crowded cities , poor social services , increasing crimes , low quality of environment , lack of sanitation and shortage of safe drinking water , ( Sheikhi, 1380 ,107 ).    As one of the important social issues in Iran, migration and its consequences have posed serious challenges for administrative managers during the recent decades.  The main objective of this study is to investigate the characteristics of migration in West Azarbaijan Province (WAP) of Iran. The research method is mainly descriptive and several statistical measures have been used to analyze the data. Most data employed in the study comes from official records. In addition to the analysis of net migration over the last three decades, the major population links of the WAP with other provinces as well as the underlying factors of urban and rural migrations have been discussed.   2- Theoretical Bases  Based on the last two censuses, there has been a strong tendency for internal migrations in Iran at national scale. Between 1986 and 1996, about 8.7 million was displaced from which 8.4 million was internal and 238 thousands external migration. From 8.4 million internal migrations, 2.94 million was inter-provincial and 5.49 million intra-provincial migrations. Between 1986 and 1996, six out of 26 provinces including Tehran, Isfahan, Khozestan, Qom, Semnan and Yazd have gained, but the remaining provinces have lost their population. According to 1996-2006 census, 12.1 million was displaced from which 11.78 million was internal and 260 thousands external migration. From 11.78 million internal migration 4.7 million (40.5 percent) was inter-provincial and 7 million (59.5 percent) was intra-provincial migration. During the last two decades, most of the population displacement in Iran was inter urban. Over the last two decades, while the number of inter urban migration (particularly from small cities to large cities) in Iran has considerably been increased, the volume of inter rural and rural-urban migration has been declined.   3- Discussion  Results of the general censuses indicate that during 1976 -2006, WAP has faced negative migration balance of over 42 thousands (Table1).    Table 1 Volume of in and out migration between WAP and other provinces during 1976-2006  Census  In migration  Out migration  Net migration  Status  1976-1986  30881  44695  (-13814)  Migrant-Sender  1986-1996  94861  96258  (-1397)  Migrant-Sender  1996-2006  121620  148441  (-26821)  Migrant-Sender   Analysis of in and out migration in WAP indicates a strong regional tendency in terms of volume of population displacement. As Table 1 shows, during 1996-2006 a total of 121 thousands migrants moved into WAP, but in reverse, 148 thousands moved out of the province. The main provinces contributing to the in migration of WAP are East Azarbaijan, Tehran, Kordestan, Kermanshah, Ardebil and Qazvin which accounts for 76 percent of the total in migration of WAP (Fig. 1). Similarly, East Azarbaijan, Tehran, Kordestan, Zanjan, Ardebil and Guilan provinces are the main provinces which have attracted most of the out migrating from WAP (74 percent).    3-1- Intra provincial migration in WAP and its underlying factors  According to the last general census, WAP has witnessed 447 thousands intra provincial migration during the 1996 and 2006 period. From 14 Shahrtestans [1] Urmieh Shahrestan alone contributes to one third of total intra-provincial migration. Khoy and Bookan with 10.8 and 8.1 percent respectively are second and third important Shahrestans in intra-provincial migration in WAP. These three Shahrestans accounts for 51.6 percent of the total intra-provincial migration in the province. On the other side, Tekub, Oshnavieh and Chaldran Shahrestans together with 4.2 percent have the lowest share of intra-provincial migration in WAP.   Fig 1 Causes pf intra- Provincial migration in WAP in Percentage (1997- 2006)    Based on the last general census, most of the intra-provincial migrations in WAP have been family oriented (44.7 percent). Job, military service and studying with 16.9 percent, 16 percent and 9.1 percent are the other major casual factors in intra-provincial migrations in WAP.  One of the main reasons associated with social links is distance factor. People usually tend to minimize their migration distance from the destination point. To explain the regional characteristics of inter-provincial migration in WAP, distance factor was examined in this study. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis was used (Table 2).  Table 2: Pearson correlation coefficient index for distance and migration relation  Variable  index/sig  Out migration  In migration  distance  Out migration  Pearson Correlation  1  .955**  -.453*  Sig. (2-tailed)   0  0.014  In migration  Pearson Correlation  .955**  1  -.463*  Sig. (2-tailed)  0   0.011  Distance between two points  Pearson Correlation  -.453*  -.463*  1  Sig. (2-tailed)  0.014  0.011    As Table 2 indicates, the correlation coefficient between distance and number of out migration and in migration at 95 percent level of confidence is significant. The main point to mention is that also a significant correlation at 99 percent level of confidence exists between the distance and in migration relation in WAP. Further analysis by Univariate and multivariate regression also proved significant correlation between distance and inter-provincial migration for WAP.   4- Conclusion  This study attempted to analyze the characteristics of inter-provincial and intra-provincial migration in WAP of Iran. The result of the study indicates that the inter-provincial migration in WAP is dominated mainly by neighboring provinces which proves the regional characteristics of population movement. The first three provinces including East Azarbaijan, Tehran and Kordestan account for the two third of the inter provincial migration and the first six provinces account for three quarters of the total inter-provincial migration for WAP.  The nature of urban and rural migrations in the province is significantly different from each other and most of the in-migration to the province is mainly family oriented. And finally, the distance factor plays a key role in the volume of inter-provincial migration for WAP.  Key Words: Immigration, West Azerbaijan, Source - Destination, Migration between provinces, Reasons of migration   References    Airimlou, R. (1986). Rural -Urban migration, Journal of Roshd, Amouzesh Goghrafia, Vol. 2, 8 &9.  Cliggett, L. (2000). "Social Components of Migration: Experiences from Southern Province, Zambia", Human Organization.  Eman, M. (1990). Migration in Third World countries, Journal of Faculty of Humanities, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. Vol 1, 1.  Iran Mahboob, J. (2004). Analysis of the interaction of population increase and urbanization in Iran (1955-1996), Research Center for Population Asia Pacific Studies Publications, Tehran.  Iran statistical Center website: www.sci.org.ir .  Kammeyer, K.C.W. (1945). "Population Studies: Selected Essays and Research", Chicago, Rand Mcnalli College Publishing Company.  Lahasaeozadeh, A. (1989). Migration theories, Shiraz, Navid Publications.  Lee, E.S. (1966). "A Theory of Migration", Demography, 3 (1): 47-57.  Locus, D., & Mir, P. (2002). Introduction to population studies, Translated by Hossein, Mahmoodian, Tehran University Publications, Tehran.  Madad, M. (2009). Migration in Iran, Medical Science University Seminar, Tehran, Feb, 24-25.  Mashhadizadeh, N. (1994). Analysis of the characteristics of Urban Planning in Iran, Tehran, Science and Technology University, Tehran.  Newman James. L. Gordon Matzke, (1987). Population patterns, dynamic and prospects, Newjersey, United State of America.  Sheikhi, Mohammadtaghi (2001) Urban sociology of Iran, Shekat Sahami Publications, Tehran.  Taghavi, N. (1992). Rural-Urban migrations, Setodeh Publications, Tabriz.  Taghavi, N. (2003). Reviewing inter regional and intra regional and rural-urban migrations in East Azarbaijan, Management and Planning Organization of East Azarbaijan.  Tervo, H. (1997). "The efficiency of inter regional migration in Finland", European Regional Science Association, 37th European Congress, Rome-Italy.  Vesooghi, M. (1987). Evaluation of migration in social and economic development of Iran, Ettelaat Siasi va Eghtesadi, Vol 2, Issue 2.  Weinberg, A. (1961). People on the move: Studies on Internal Migration.  Zanjani, H. (2001). Migration, Samt Publications, Tehran.  Zanjani, H. (2009). Migration in Iran, Medical Science University Seminar, Tehran, Feb, 24-25.     [1] Sahrestan refers to administrative area which includes at least one central city and a number of towns and villages موضوع مهاجرت و پیامدهای آن در سالهای اخیر به عنوان یکی از مسائل مهم اجتماعی در کشور مطرح گردیده و مدیران اجرائی به خصوص مدیریت کلانشهرها را با چالش جدی مواجه ساخته است. با توجه به اهمیت و ضرورت شناخت ویژگیهای مهاجرت در استانها و کشور، هدف این مقاله بررسی ویژگیهای مهاجرتی جمعیت استان آذربایجان غربی در دهه های اخیر است. روش تحقیق توصیفی و تحلیلی، روش گردآوری دادهها اسنادی، روش تجزیه و تحلیل دادهها تحلیل جریانهای اجتماعی (ورود- خروج مهاجر در محدوده استان) و جامعه آماری استان آذربایجان غربی است. در این مقاله ضمن تحلیل خالص مهاجرت در سه دهه اخیر، پیوندهای جمعیتی عمده استان با سایر استانهای کشور در دهه اخیر و همچنین دلایل مهاجرتهای شهری و روستایی در این استان به تفصیل مورد بحث قرار گرفته است. نتایج نشان میدهد از یک طرف تبادل جمعیتی استان در بیش از 65 درصد موارد تنها با سه استان آذربایجانشرقی، تهران و کردستان بوده و تهران دومین مقصد عمده مهاجران از استان است و از طرف دیگر تفاوت ماهیت مهاجرتهای شهری و روستایی و غالب بودن عامل پیروی از خانواده در مهاجرت به استان آذربایجان غربی را میتوان از نتایج مهم این تحقیق دانست. همچنین در این تحقیق تأثیر میزان فاصله و دوری و نزدیکی به مرکز استان به عنوان یک عامل کلیدی و تأثیرگذار در حجم و کیفیت مبادله جمعیتی بین استان آذربایجان غربی و سایر استانها مورد بررسی آماری قرار گرفته و نتایج آمارههای ضریب پیرسون و رگرسیون، حاکی از معناداری رابطه معکوس میان فاصله دو نقطه و حجم تبادل جمعیتی بین آن دو نقطه است. https://urs.ui.ac.ir/article_19989_4174cd37e4128b0e8c14f78a0f2a9458.pdfمعاونت پژوهش و فناوری دانشگاه اصفهانمطالعات و پژوهشهای شهری و منطقهای (توقف انتشار)2008-53543920110723Geographic analysis on the role of bicycles in sustainable transport system in Isfahan cityتحلیلی جغرافیایی بر نقش دوچرخه در سیستم حمل و نقل پایدار شهر اصفهان10112219990FAرضامختاریملکآبادیJournal Article20160614   Geographic analysis on the role of bicycles in sustainable transport system in Isfahan city   R. Mokhtari Malek Abadi, Assistant Professor of geography and urban planning, Payam Noor University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran  e-mail: mokhtaryus@yahoo.com  Received: 3 August 2010 / Accepted: 14 March 2011, 19-22 P    Extended abstract  1- Intro duction  Isfahan due to inappropriate location of industrial centers, has excessive air pollution. According to EPA announcement, Isfahan is the second pollution city after Tehran. Isfahan had gardens and green spaces in the east and in the Safavid period, they paid more attention to the importance of green space and its role in the beautiful city and people health than any other period (Mojtahedi, 1379: 4). But today with creation of industrial complexes and lack of proper planning, it not only has its past glory and beauty but also faces severe environmental pollution but.  Unfortunately, in recent years, Isfahan, with all these advantages is developing thoroughfares, streets and highways in accordance with a outomobile oriented function and has paid less attention to pedestrian places, bike paths and green rouds .   Of course, Isfahan urban management efforts in promoting cycling shoud not be avoided because, in recent years, promoting cycling in Isfahan has been considered seriously to the extent of increasing bike stops three times as much as now. This article attempts to describe the situation and position of the bicycle transportation system in Isfahan using statistical methods and questionnaire.    2- Theoretical Bases  2-1 - A bicycle is a light vehicle with two wheels that moves with the power of the leg muscles and has a wide variety. This means has indispensable role in the development of tourism activities, increasing the value of urban land and occupation of less space, increasing employment and local business (Gozar Rah Consulting Engineers, 1384: 29).  2-2- Special Bike Path (Green Roads): The linear open spaces formed along natural or artificial factors and generally any direction in the city and suburbs which is dedicated to pedestrian and bicycle and is environmentally appropriate, are called green road and areused to link togeder , urban hotspots such as shops, public transportation stations, schools, factories, parks and suburban landscapes are linked. Thus, a person can walk or bike in complete security, these spaces and, (Soleimani, 1381: 13)  2-3- Historical usages of bicycles: Bicycle usage in Iran was before World War II. But because of it limite number, it was an expensive device that only some people could use it. After World War II, imports of bicycles increased and the prices also declined. Even in some cities, especial bike paths were built in the streets. So except for a limited period at the beinging, bike was not a means of luxury and leisure. With rapid increase in the number of cars in 1350s, lack of safty for cyclists and paying lessattention to it in planning, its importance was reduced (Gharib, 1383, 20).  Although in many of the world's major cities, especial paths have been considered for bicycling and walking, but in most streets in cities of Iran, expanding the number of cars, increase of the speed of urban traffic, lack of attention to the role of human-oriented spaces and interactive spaces have cause severe reduction of bike using . However, in recent years, with increasing fuel prices and growing environmental pollution, some activities have been done in this area in some cities.   3- Discussion  Suitable topographic conditions of Isfahan, its appropriate climate and cultural structure of the citizens are some factors which resulted in designing special bicycle routes in Isfahan in the past. So that about 6 km of special bicycle routes, and in Chahar Bagh Bala Chahar Bagh Khajoo and Chahar Bagh Abbasi was designed in the earl entry device to Iran.  Table a and ancc of this corresponding graph shows that nowadays the rate of bicycle trips in Isfahan is, only 8.36 percent while this rate has been twice as much in the past. Personal transportation vahids highest share of 31.33 percent of urban trips in Isfahan today allocated to data.   4- Conclusion  According to the analysis done, the following results can be extracted:  - Development of highways and wide streets has caused disorganization of the skeletal system and the social life of urban communities while giving quality to urban spaces has been less considered.  - Urban highways has cased increase in speed and this speed leads to redaction of and human vision, background vagueness, weakening of space perception and reduction of perception of the urban landscape details (Hosseini and Razaghi Asl, 1387, 5)  - Highways and thoroughfares increase speed and finally reduce the safety factor of pedestrians and for cyclists.  - Rate of urban trips by bicycle in the city of Isfahan is very limited.  - The bike in the city of Isfahan is not considered as a means of public transportation as much as is looked at as a means of entertainment and sport.  - Lack of espetiol and suitable parking for bikes in Isfahan  - Lack of necessary cultural infrastructure for to using bicycles  - Unsafe streets and thoroughfares of the city for using bocycles.  - Insufficient number of available stations for bicycles in sufficient services:  - Lack of participation of other organizations in the field of urban culture and advertising for making use of bicycles in Isfahan  - In possibility of using bikes for women and people under 18 years in Esfahan   5- Suggestions  5-1- Appropriate physical structures of cities and streets.  The image. Shows poor design of urban streets for bicycles. Obviously, most urban areas are not appropriate for bicycles.  5-2- Making electrical and physical connection between the bicycles stations in Isfahan  5-3- Designing suitable bicycle parking in Isfahan  5-4- Increasing the number of bike stations in the city spread all over the city coverage in the entire city to create  5-5- Designing an appropriate kind of bike for women and people under 18  5-6- serious participation in municipal organizations encourage employees to use bicycles in Isfahan  5-7- Developing green roads and especial paths for pedestrians and bikes in cities  5-8- Making use of correct patterns of the leading countries in the use of bicycles.  Keywords: Bicycle, Special path for bike and pedestrian (Green Road), sustainable urban transportation, Isfahan   References    Aplyard, D. (1382). streets, cities can cause death, they (guidelines for the design of streets in the cities of the Third World) a new translation Tavalaee, Abadi Journal, No. 39.  Azan, M. (1381). Sustainable Urban Development, Case Study: Isfahan Rsalh period Ph. D. Geography and Urban Planning,: Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Department of Geography, University of Isfahan.  Transportation Statistics Organization of Isfahan Municipality traffic, in 1387.  Detailed Statistics Publications Project in Isfahan, 1387  Sabtyrsad, A. (1387). extensive and in Bymhar you in my city, traffic management, Hamshahri, Tehran.  Hatami, R., Eshraghi, H. (1388). and its role in bicycle transportation and sustainable development of urban transport, sample, city Bonab Journal of Geographical Studies, No. 70.  Hassanzadeh, GH. (1387). evaluated physical capacity and cultural backgrounds - social use of bikes in the city as a means of transportation.  Hosseini, and Razaghi Sydbaqr principle, Sina. (1387). and time moves on the urban landscape, images and design concepts, International Journal of Engineering Science, University of Science and Technology  Striker Ali Abadi and Rakhshani ancestry, HR. (1388). Statistical analysis - spatial development of urban green space viewers, Case Study: the urban areas of Isfahan, journal Environmental Studies, thirty five years, number 49, Tehran.  Population and Housing Census. (1385). Statistical Center of Iran. .  Soleimani, Mohsen, and Rasul (1381), Green Road, multipurpose urban element, Municipal Journal, No. 36, Tehran.  Indicators of growth and development facilities and transport infrastructure and traffic Isfahan metropolis, deputy transport and traffic authority, Isfahan, 1389.  Shahabian, snoopy. (1383). the risk of riding a bicycle at the intersection, the Municipal Journal, Year V, No. 58, Tehran  Zero leader Rahmati et al. (1389). reducing traffic volume of traffic strategy by creating bicycle paths, case study, the historic fabric of the city of Shiraz, Journal of geographical space  Almost, Fereydoun (1383), Feasibility and bicycle trails in old Tehran, Arts Magazine, No. 19, autumn.  Qsry, M. A., Khosravi, M. (1382). culture of Iran in the mirror of architecture and urbanism.  Priest, A. (1379). Jahan square and its surrounding green space in the Safavid era, humanities journal Sistan and Baluchestan University, number 10, Zahedan.  Mahmoudi, M. M. (1381). the impact of highways within the city changed the urban landscape of Tehran, Environmental Quarterly, No. 12,  Mokhtari Malek Abad, R. (1389). TV upset today in Isfahan, called Mnzrgahy Highway, Urban Broadcasting Conference, Isfahan.  Interview-Mr Kulayni. (1389). Education Department responsible for shipping traffic Isfahan Municipality.  Field Study author, November 1389.  Moini, M. M. (1375). increased ability to walk circuit, a step toward a more human city, fine arts magazine, No. 27.  Gzrrah Consulting Engineers. (1384). bicycle facilities, publishing practices, transportation and traffic Organization of Tehran Municipality.  Sheikholislami, A. (1995). Planning and Design for Cycling as a Viable Urban Transportation Mode, A thesis for of master of science in Roads and Transportation Engineering, Supervisor H. Behbahani, Iran, Tehran, LUST, School of Civil Engineering.  Aleebrahim, P. (2003). Presenting a Comprehensive Process for Development of Cycling in Cities, thesis for of Master of Science in Urban Planning, Supervisor Abdolreza Sheikholislami, LUST, Faculty of Architecture, Iran, Tehran.  www.bicycle.sfgov.org  www.niches-transport.org    از گذشتههای دور اصفهان به عنوان شهر دوچرخه سواران معروف بوده، اما در سالهای اخیر با رشد تردد خودرو، این فرهنگ به حاشیه رانده شده است. وضعیت توپوگرافی مناسب، آب و هوای معتدل و ساختار فرهنگی شهر اصفهان از عوامل گسترش فرهنگ دوچرخه سواری در دهههای گذشته بوده است. بررسیهای آماری نشان می دهد که سهم دوچرخه در سفرهای شهری امروز شهروندان شهر اصفهان، حدود 8.37 درصد از کل سفرهاست. در حالی که این نسبت در دهه 60 حدود 15.4 درصد بوده است. اگر چه در طی 5 سال گذشته، فعالیتهای نسبتاً مطلوبی در شهر اصفهان توسط سازمانهای متولی حمل و نقل شهری در راستای ارتقای جایگاه فرهنگ شهروندی و انسانی تر کردن فضاهای شهری صورت گرفته، اما باید اذعان کرد که این اقدامات کافی نبوده و باید به شکل جامع تری به این موضوع پرداخته شود. چرا که در حال حاضر برای شهر زیبای اصفهان، هر روز طرح شریانی جدیدی طراحی میشود بدون آن که در امر طراحی خیابانها به مسیرهای ویژه دوچرخه یا عابر پیاده توجه گردد. در نوشتار حاضر، سعی خواهد شد تا با استفاده از روش توصیفی - تحلیلی و بهره گیری ازابزارهای پرسشنامه، مصاحبه، مشاهده و تحلیل ضرایب همبستگی، دوچرخه و نقش آن درسیستم حمل ونقل پایدار با توجه به جانمایی حدود 15 ایستگاه در شهر اصفهان مورد بررسی و تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گیرد. فرضیه اصلی تحقیق این است که دسترسی بهتر به ایستگاههای دوچرخه، میزان استفاده از آن را به عنوان وسیلهای در خدمت حمل و نقل شهری افزایش خواهد داد. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که بین دسترسی بهتر به ایستگاههای دوچرخه و میزان استفاده از آن به عنوان وسیله حمل و نقل، رابطه معناداری وجود دارد ولی تعداد ایستگاههای دوچرخه، طراحی مسیرهای ویژه دوچرخه و سایر تمهیدات اندیشیده شده هنوز کافی نبوده و دوچرخه در شهر اصفهان بیشتر به عنوان یک وسیله تفریحی - ورزشی است و جایگاه مناسبی به عنوان یک وسیله در راستای انجام سفرهای شسهری و کاهش بار ترافیکی به دست نیاورده است.https://urs.ui.ac.ir/article_19990_ccc1983446185c292df019f9464d30b5.pdfمعاونت پژوهش و فناوری دانشگاه اصفهانمطالعات و پژوهشهای شهری و منطقهای (توقف انتشار)2008-53543920110723Estimation of yourney Demand for Bandar-E-Tourkman Journeyتخمین تابع تقاضای سفر شهر بندر ترکمن12314019991FAخدیجهنصرالهیعبدالحمیداونقJournal Article20160614 Estimation of yourney Demand for Bandar-E-Tourkman Journey    K. Nasrollahi. Assistant Professor of International Economics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran  e-mail: msamkzsm@yahoo.com   A. Onegh, M.A student of Economics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran  Received: 3 August 2010 / Accepted: 16 April 2011, 23-26 P      Extended abstract  1- Intro duction  Tourism plays a growing role in developing countries and is accounted as a way of government deficit reduction, gaining foreign exchange and employment increment. In addition it is viewed as a channel of getting away from single product economies. In fact, an industry with multi dimension impacts is looked. Really, tourism is one of the most profitable activities such that many countries have invested on it. This industry is labor intensive and is one of the employment generation effective ways. Tourism is beyond an economic and industrial activity but what may surcharge its influence is the lack of fundamental possibilities providing tourists welfare in clouding scarce of suitable staying places.  Bandar Turkman as an attractive site for tourists is faced with scarce suit staying palaces.    Thus this study intended to estimate travel demand function of this city to assign the importance of paying attention to this matter. Therefore the demand function was estimated by travel cost method.   2- Theoretical Bases  The basic premise of the travel cost method is that the time and travel cost expenses that people incur to visit a site represent the âpriceâ of access to the site. Thus, peoplesâ willingness to pay to visit the site can be estimated based on the number of trips that they make at different travel costs. This is analogous to estimating peoplesâ willingness to pay for a marketed good based on the quantity demanded at different prices.   2-1- Options for Applying the Travel Cost Method :  There are several ways to approach the problem, using variations of the travel cost method. These include:  - A simple zonal travel cost approach, using mostly secondary data, with some simple data collected from visitors.  - An individual travel cost approach, using a more detailed survey of visitors.  - A random utility approach using survey and other data, and more complicated statistical techniques.   3- Discussion  By arranging data in the regional format in the EXEL enviorment, the relation between journey demand and travel cost, mean age, mean education, and mean income level veriables were estimated. The results said that although the coefficients are in line with their theoretical bases but are not statistically significant. Then once again the relation was emtimated omitting meaningless veriables, the products result was as the following equation:  VN1=12.0990618474-1.05527220477e-05*TCI  The consumer surplus of such traveling is aproximatly 6879208 rials   4- Conclusion  Results show that if travel cost to this site is zero, maximum demand for visiting is twoelve per one mellion of population. Per 1000 rails travel cost increment would reduce this rate by 1/0553e-2.   5- Suggestions  Due to this matter that the people can gain relatively high surplus welfare by traveling to Bandar Turkman, it is recommended to those involved in the affairs of this field, to provide appropriate measures and suitable residential sites for the passengers coming.  In this survey, beside age variables scrutiny such as literacy and income level as social indices which have determining role in the chosen destination, have shown that these kinds of variables have less dividend in the direction impacts on using or not using this place as promenade.  Individual income is one important factor in promenades economic appraisal and the impact of such a factor on journey demand. Most of Talabe Gomishan visitors are set in the 400-600 thousand toman income range and with income mean increment, the number of visitors have been reduced. Itâs necessary to mention that although wealthies have financial strength but they may not have enough time for recreation or May chose other palaces for this intention.  For providing merrymaking possibilities and visitors needs, aging classification recognition is also is another important factor which in the direction of social survey of promenade place is searched. Scrutiny of results of aging groups has shown that most people responding questionnaire lie in the range of 25 to 29 year-old. It means that most tourists are young. This matter can help programmer for such environment provision which is suitable for young people.  Key words: Tourism, Revealed Preference, Travel Cost Method (TCM), Bandar turkman    References   Bardgett, L. (2005). "The Tourism Industry", the Economic Geography of the Tourist Industry, Edited by: Ioannides Dimitri and Debbage Keith G., Taylor & Francis e-Library.  Chattopadhyay K. (2000). 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