معاونت پژوهش و فناوری دانشگاه اصفهانمطالعات و پژوهشهای شهری و منطقهای (توقف انتشار)2008-535441520130120Evaluating the Relationship between Distance from the Border and Amount of Income and Employment from Smuggling (Case study: Villages of Khav and Myrabad district, Marivan County)بررسی رابطه بین فاصله از مرز و میزان درآمد و اشتغال در قاچاق کالا (مطالعه موردی بخش خاو و میرآباد- مریوان)12020029FAعلیاکبرعنابستانیسید هادیکهنهپوشیJournal Article20160614 Evaluating the Relationship between Distance from the Border and Amount of Income and Employment from Smuggling (Case study: Villages of Khav and Myrabad district, Marivan County)    H . Kohnepooshi, A. A. Aanabestani  Received: November 2, 2011/ Accepted: April 10, 2012, 1-4 P     Extended abstract  1-Introduction  The subject of free trade and paying attention to marketing strategies and attracting customers can be considered as one of the significant factors in economic growth and development nowadays, so that many governments consider the international trade as one of the important priorities in their macroeconomic policy agenda. Currently the definition of smuggling and trafficking is not limited solely to the entry and exit within geographic borders of a country, rather, the illegal storage and distribution and transportation of goods in the country is also act of smuggling.   Trafficking problem in our country due to geographical conditions for entry and exit of goods and lack of stability in neighboring countries is very significant. The aim of this research is to review and assess the existence of a relationship between the distance from border and degree of impact of trafficking in the âkhav and mirabadâ rural areas.  The main research question thus arises: how the distance from the border has affected smuggling activities and its position in the income of rural households? Related to the general research question, the following hypotheses are offered:  It seems that the distance from the borders affects the rate of employment of residents of the "Khav and Myrabad" villages in goods smuggling.  It seems that the distance from the borders affects the amount of income earned by residents of the "Khav and Myrabad" villages in the goods smuggling activity.  2- Theoretical bases  This research is based on descriptive - analytical and statistical methods. The required data were provided on the basis of documentation, literature review and field studies. The main tools used to gather the required data were questionnaires and interviews. Computer programs such as SPSS software was used for the purpose of data analysis. The study population consists of 32 villages " Khav and Myrabad " district in the township of Marivan and stratified sampling method based on the distance from the border of five villages with a population of 3,634 persons in 764 households was chosen. The sample size was determined based on Sharp - Cochran formula of the total studied rural households in 140 samples, which were distributed based on the principle of proportionality between the villages.   3â Discussion  Research findings show that 43.8 percent of income is coming from smuggling activities while activities such as agriculture and animal husbandry have not significant role in the economy of rural households. The Pearson correlation coefficient of -0.299 and also Spearmen correlation coefficient of -0.380 at the significance level of 0.01 was indicated for the relationship between the amount of income by smuggling and the distance from border. This means that with increasing distance from border, the smuggling and the amount of income from these kinds of activities decreases and vice versa.   4â Conclusion  Trafficking and especially goods smuggling has different effects in the border villages. This problem has different impacts in different places and times and therefore requires a coherent strategy to tackle this issue and eliminate it. Test of the first hypothesis indicates that, in general, the main job or sub-70 percent of the respondents constitute smuggling. This means that 70 percent of rural households rely on smuggling revenues and this activity has a positive influence on income of households residing in this area. Althogh this amount varies amongst villages studied based on the distance from the border. This indicates that, in villages near the border, this amount increases to 80 to 100 percent and in villages far from the frontier, severely reducing the amount of people involved in smuggling goods to come forward and 33.3% decreases. But for the second hypothesis, the Pearson correlation coefficient of -0.499 and also Spearmen correlation coefficient of -0.580 at the significance level of 0.01 was obtained for the relationship between the amount of income by smuggling and the distance from border. This means that, with increasing distance from border, the smuggling and the amount of smuggling income decreases and vice versa. Therefore impact of distance from border on the amount of income earned by residents of the "Khav and Myrabad" villages from smuggling activity is confirmed.   5â Suggestions  Some suggested guidelines for the optimal use of available resources in order to reduce unemployment, creating jobs and decreasing the impact of smuggling activities in rural households economies can be mentioned below:  Reducing the state intervention in production activity in the studied area.  Investing in rural small industries that have high employment potential.  Developing agriculture in the studied area with wells and exploitation of underground water resources.  Activating cross-border market in this district for the development of trade between Iran and Iraq.  Key words: smuggling, employment, generating income, border villages, rural economy.   References  Aghazadeh, A.R (2004). Analytical and practical review of Iran criminal policy toward smuggling in accordance with the latest legal reform, publishing Arian.  Alamolhoda, Syed Sajjad, 2005 check smuggling of goods and currency, (http://www.epe.ir/).  Andalib, A.R (2001). Basic theory and principles of the border areas of Iran, Tehran, Islamic Revolution Sepah Pasdaran, Command and Staff College, High-war period.  Asghari. AliReza, (2009), the consumption of domestic goods and trafficking, bank and finance magazine, No. 98.  Bisokhan, O (2008). Impact of border market in economic restructuring and physical urban (Piranshahr sample), M.S Thesis, Zanjan University.  Bradbury, S, L. (2010). An assessment of the free and secure trade (FAST) program along the Canada-US border. Journal of Transport Policy 17. 367-380.  Dasche, K., Haupt, A. (2010). the political economy of regional integration projects at borders where poor and rich meet: The role of cross-border shopping and community sorting. Journal of urban Economics 10. 1016-1033.  Dehkhoda. AliAkbar, (1992) Dehkhoda Dictionary, Volume 27, Amir Kabir Publications.  Governor of Kurdistan, (2011) the last country divisions of Marivan County.  Horvath, J., Ratfai, A., Dome, B. 2007. The border effect in small open economies. Journal of Economic Systems 32. 33-45.  Jabbari, Iraj, (2006) Statistical methods in environmental science and geography, Razi University Press.  Kamran. H, Parizadi, T, & Hosseini Amini. H, (2011). Spatial organization of border areas with neighboring Iran and Pakistan border with passive defense approach, Journal of Research and Urban Planning, Second Year, No. 5, pp 109-132.  Management and Planning Organization (1999). The first National Human Development Report of Iran.  Mirheydar, Dorreh, (1994) principles of political geography, SAMT press.  Moeen. Mohamed, 2002 specific vocabulary, Volume 3, published by Amir Kabir.  Mojtahedzadeh, Piruz, (2002) geopolitical and geo-politics, Tehran, the publisher.  Monjon, S., Quirion, P. (2010). How to design a border adjustment for the European :::union::: emissions trading system? Journal of Energy Policy 38. 5199-5207.  Nouri, Jafar, (2003) spread chaos in the context of trafficking and criminal policy against it, theology and law Journal, NO. 9 & 10, pp 149-174.  Okubo, T. (2004). The border effect in the Japanese market: A Gravity Model analysis. Journal of Japanese international Economies 18. 1-11.  Roknoddin Eftekhari, A.R. Papoli Yazdi, M.H, and Abdi, E, (2008). Evaluate the economic effects of border marketplaces in border areas development reflections case study: Sheikh Saleh border market of Salas Babajani County, Kermanshah Province, Journal of geopolitical, (Serial 12), pp. 82-109.  Saxena, G., Ilbery, B. (2010). Developing integrated rural tourism: Actor practices in the English/Welsh border. Journal of Rural Studies 26. 260-271.  Statistical Center of Iran, (2006) identity of country's ruralâ Marivan County.  Timothy, D,J,. Tosun, C. (2003). Tourists' perception of the Canada-USA border as a barrier to tourism at the International Peace Garden. Journal of Tourism Management 24. 411-421.  West Azerbaijan Customs Office, (2010) (www.acu.ir).  Zarghani. Seyed Hadi, (2007), An Introduction with recognizes international borders, NAJA University of Police.     چکیده
کالاهای قاچاق از مناطق مرزی وارد میشوند، بنابراین، مرزها از این لحاظ دارای اهمیت زیادی هستند. از مناطق مرزی مهم خاورمیانه که دستخوش حوادث گوناگونی بوده است، مناطق مرزی ایران با کشورهای همسایهاش است. قاچاق در کشور ایران به دلیل شرایط خاص جغرافیایی برای ورود و خروج کالا و نبود شرایط با ثبات در کشورهای همسایه، بسیار قابل توجه است. هدف این تحقیق، بررسی وجود یا عدم وجود رابطه بین میزان فاصله روستاهای بخش خاو و میرآباد مریوان از مرز و اثرگذاری قاچاق در آنها است. روش پژوهش از نظر هدف کاربردی و بنا بر روش توصیفی و همبستگی است. روستاهای بخش خاو و میرآباد شهرستان مریوان جامعه آماری این تحقیق است. برای گردآوری اطلاعات با توجه به فاصله روستاها از مرز با روش نمونهگیری طبقهبندی شده و به صورت تصادفی 5 روستا انتخاب و برای پرسشگری با استفاده از رابطه کوکران 140 خانوار به عنوان نمونه مورد سؤال قرار گرفتهاند. یافتههای تحقیق نشان میدهد که رابطهای معکوس میان میزان درآمد، قاچاق کالا و فاصله از مرز با ضریب 499/0- در روش پیرسون و 580/0- در روش اسپیرمن با سطح معناداری 01/0 وجود دارد. همچنین بین تعداد افراد مشغول به قاچاق در روستاها و میزان فاصله از مرز، رابطه معناداری مشاهده شد. به این صورت که در روستاهای نزدیک مرز، تعداد افراد مشغول به قاچاق کالا افزایش پیدا میکند، تا جایی که به 100 درصد میرسد و با فاصله گرفتن از مرز در روستاهای با فاصله متوسط یا دور از مرز، این میزان کاهش پیدا میکند، تا جایی که به 3/33 درصد (حدود یک سوم) کاهش پیدا میکند. این یافتهها نشان دهنده اثرگذاری قاچاق کالا در روستاهای مرزی نسبت به روستاهای دورتر از مرز است. با توجه به یافتههای پژوهش راهکارهای اجرایی مناسب فعالیتهای اشتغالی جایگزین قاچاق با توجه به توانمندیهای منطقه است.https://urs.ui.ac.ir/article_20029_78c46a09ac0880395315b35a700ff2b5.pdfمعاونت پژوهش و فناوری دانشگاه اصفهانمطالعات و پژوهشهای شهری و منطقهای (توقف انتشار)2008-535441520130120Site selection for Handy Craft Market in South Khorasan Province Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)برنامهریزی فضایی به منظور مکانیابی بازارچههای صنایعدستی (مطالعه موردی استان خراسان جنوبی)213620030FAخلیلکلانتریشهلاچوبچیانمهردادکرمیJournal Article20160614 Site selection for Handy Craft Market in South Khorasan Province Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)    M . Karami, Sh. Choobchian, Kh. Kalantari  Received: September 28, 2011/ Accepted: February 12, 2012, 5-10 P    Extended abstract  1-Introduction  Today, one of the essential issues facing managers and planners is allocating resources to the spots which have the potentials to reserve the capital and provide the society with social and economic interests. In addition, finding a suitable spot has been the main concern of managers and planners, i.e. managers and planners, because of the resource deficiency, prefer to allocate the resources to the best places. In this regard, planners since a long time ago have tried to find out methods of choosing the best spot to centralize the industries and activities.   Finding a scientific location finding method has always been a main concern of the planners . In this regard, selecting effective criteria in choosing the best spot and using suitable models to modulate data are considered as significant. In the paper, using modern methods of spotting (Hierarchical Analysis) and taking economic, social aspects into account, some spots to establish markets for handicrafts in South Khorasan Province were suggested.   2- Theoretical bases  Simultaneously with the development of industry and its social and economic aftermaths, spotting theories to increase productivity of industrial activities and decrease their negative results and economic losses were offered. The theories have been proposed by thinkers such as: August Losch, A. Weber, Walter Isard, Greenhut, Smith, Palander, Lanhard, Christaler and Micheal Rawstron.  Affected by the systemic approaches to the late 1970s issues, spotting theories had a try at concurrent modulation of two previous theories. In this approach activities and industries must be located in a way that it generates the difference between costs and incomes (profit) as large as possible for the economic managers.  The AHP method, as one of the most modern methods of spotting industry, made the proposed statement so easy by changing attitude, not very unexpectedly, so that it can be certainly used as the most efficient and unmistakable method (Fernandez, 2009).   3â Discussion  The process of selecting optimal spots to locate the handicrafts market in South Khorasan Province  The first stage in locating markets of handicrafts in South Khorasan Province includes establishing hierarchy, weighting and selecting, which is described as follow:  Establishing hierarchy  Creating a graphic display is the first stage in the process of hierarchical analysis, in which, the objectives, criteria and options are showed (Ramanathan, 2001). Figure 1 shows hierarchical choices of suitable townships in order of priority for locating handicraft markets over the province. The criteria include:  Criterion 1: employees of handicraft industry and its condition  Criterion 2: enjoying tourism and cultural relics to locate the market  Criterion 3: general condition of employment in the province  Criterion 4: population and the number of rural and urban spots  Criterion 5: enjoying surface structures (education centers, schools, health centers and etc.)  Criterion 6: condition of the number of the incomer tourists of the township  Criterion 7: Having Airport  Criterion 8: Networks and routes  Criterion 9: Enjoying border market and customs  Criterion 10: industrial prosperity   Table1. Binary comparison of the criteria and indicating their priority  Criterion priority  Geometric mean  10  9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2  1  Criterion  0/29  3/8  7  3  6  6  2  7  6  5  2   1  0/18  2/29  4  2  3  3  1  4  3  3    2  0/07  0/84  2  2  1  1  1/3  2  1     3  0/05  0/63  1  1/2  1  1  1/3  1      4  0/04  0/56  1  1/2  1  1  1/3       5  0/15  1/99  4  2  3  3        6  0/05  0/63  1  1/2  1         7  0/05  0/63  1  1/2          8  0/08  0/03  2           9  0/29  0/54            10   Table 2. Indicating final priority of the townships to establish markets for handicraft  Industry in the province  Township criterion  1th criterion  2th criterion  3th criterion  4th criterion  5th criterion  6th criterion  7th criterion  8th criterion  9th criterion  10th criterion  Importance rate  Final priority  Birjand  0/149  0/077  0/036  0/026  0/02  0/064  0/03  0/006  0/035  0/019  0/64  45/7  Gayenat  0/06  0/032  0/014  0/011  0/009  0/027  0/003  0/014  0/021  0/007  0/2  19/7  Ferdos  0/031  0/032  0/007  0/005  0/004  0/027  0/003  0/006  0/003  0/003  0/12  2/12  Sarayan  0/013  0/005  0/003  0/002  0/002  0/004  0/003  0/001  0/003  0/003  0/04  3/8  Sarbisheh  0/013  0/009  0/003  0/002  0/002  0/007  0/032  0/003  0/003  0/003  0/05  4/8  Nahbandan  0/013  0/009  0/003  0/005  0/002  0/007  0/003  0/019  0/012  0/003  0/08  7/5  Drmian  0/013  0/17  0/003  0/005  0/002  0/014  0/003  0/001  0/003  0/003  0/06  6/4     4â Conclusion  Studies indicated that firstly, regarding the abovementioned components as well as efficiency and effectiveness as the two important components, these markets in the townships are more economical and can facilitate its development. This is due to a   great part of the tourism attractions and the necessary facilities which were located in the townships. Secondly, according to table 2 Birjand enjoys a higher importance rate than the other spots of the Province. In this regard, based on the results of the mentioned indicators and the in-depth interviews conducted with the experts of Tourism, Cultural heritage and Handicrafts of the Province and other related experts, three spots were suggested to locate markets for handicraft industry in Birjand, which are mentioned below.   5â Suggestions  Based on the results of the hierarchical analysis, three sites are suggested to establish markets in Birjand, which follow in order of priority:  First priority: Birjand Castle  Second priority: Akbariyeh Garden  Third priority: The market located at Modarres Street.  Keywords: Tourism, Markets for handicraft industry, Hierarchical analysis, South Khorasan Province      3  1  2  Figure1. Suggested options in order of priority to establish markets in Birjand   References  Abedindarkoosh, (2006), Introduction to Urban Economics, University Publishing Center, Seventh Edition, Tehran, 221.  Aftabi, (2003), Locate in urban markets (the case of Rasht), Azita Rajabi, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Department of Art and Architecture.  Comprehensive study of the Iranian handicrafts, (2007), host of Tehran University, Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization (Handicrafts), Education, Tehran.  Fernandez, I. and Ruiz, M. C, (2009), âDescriptive model and evaluation system to locate sustainable industrial areas.â Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 17, PP. 87-100.  Ghodsipoor, Seyed Hassan, (2010), Analytical Hierarchy Process, Amirkabir University (Polytechnic), Eighth Edition, Tehran, 220.  Kalantari, Khalil, (2009), Planning and Regional Development, Khoshbin, third Edition, Tehran, 288.  Ministry of Economy, (1972), marketing crafts / translation and regulation, the Ministry of Economy, Handicraft Center, Tehran.  Omkarprasad, V. and K. Sushil, (2004), Analytic hierarchy process: An overview of applications, April.  Ramanathan, R, (2001), A note on the use of the analytic hierarchy process for environmental impact assessment, Journal of Environmental Management, 27â35, doi:10.1006/jema.2001.0455, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com  Sepehr, Nosratolah, (2009), Ancient crafts, Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism, Office of Public Relations, Social and Cultural Affairs - Office of Planning Publication, Tehran, 200.  Tourism Master Plan in South Khorasan province, (2006), Consulting Engineers Sabz andish payesh, Institute of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism of South Khorasan province, Tehran.  Yoam Wind, Thomas L.Saaty, (1980), Marketing applications of the analytic hierarchy process, management science, Vol, 26, No, 7, U.S.A                                  Site selection for Handy Craft Market in South Khorasan Province Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)      M . Karami, Sh. Choobchian, Kh. Kalantari  Received: September 28, 2011/ Accepted: February 12, 2012, 5-10 P          Extended abstract  1-Introduction  Today, one of the essential issues facing managers and planners is allocating resources to the spots which have the potentials to reserve the capital and provide the society with social and economic interests. In addition, finding a suitable spot has been the main concern of managers and planners, i.e. managers and planners, because of the resource deficiency, prefer to allocate the resources to the best places. In this regard, planners since a long time ago have tried to find out methods of choosing the best spot to centralize the industries and activities.   Author (s)      M . Karami ( * )  MA. student in regional development planning, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran  e-mail: Karami2888@yahoo.com    Sh. Choobchian  PhD student in Agricultural Development, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran  Kh. Kalantari  Professor of Agricultural Development, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran       Finding a scientific location finding method has always been a main concern of the planners . In this regard, selecting effective criteria in choosing the best spot and using suitable models to modulate data are considered as significant. In the paper, using modern methods of spotting (Hierarchical Analysis) and taking economic, social aspects into account, some spots to establish markets for handicrafts in South Khorasan Province were suggested.   2- Theoretical bases  Simultaneously with the development of industry and its social and economic aftermaths, spotting theories to increase productivity of industrial activities and decrease their negative results and economic losses were offered. The theories have been proposed by thinkers such as: August Losch, A. Weber, Walter Isard, Greenhut, Smith, Palander, Lanhard, Christaler and Micheal Rawstron.  Affected by the systemic approaches to the late 1970s issues, spotting theories had a try at concurrent modulation of two previous theories. In this approach activities and industries must be located in a way that it generates the difference between costs and incomes (profit) as large as possible for the economic managers.  The AHP method, as one of the most modern methods of spotting industry, made the proposed statement so easy by changing attitude, not very unexpectedly, so that it can be certainly used as the most efficient and unmistakable method (Fernandez, 2009).   3â Discussion  The process of selecting optimal spots to locate the handicrafts market in South Khorasan Province  The first stage in locating markets of handicrafts in South Khorasan Province includes establishing hierarchy, weighting and selecting, which is described as follow:  Establishing hierarchy  Creating a graphic display is the first stage in the process of hierarchical analysis, in which, the objectives, criteria and options are showed (Ramanathan, 2001). Figure 1 shows hierarchical choices of suitable townships in order of priority for locating handicraft markets over the province. The criteria include:  Criterion 1: employees of handicraft industry and its condition  Criterion 2: enjoying tourism and cultural relics to locate the market  Criterion 3: general condition of employment in the province  Criterion 4: population and the number of rural and urban spots  Criterion 5: enjoying surface structures (education centers, schools, health centers and etc.)  Criterion 6: condition of the number of the incomer tourists of the township  Criterion 7: Having Airport  Criterion 8: Networks and routes  Criterion 9: Enjoying border market and customs  Criterion 10: industrial prosperity   Table1. Binary comparison of the criteria and indicating their priority  Criterion priority  Geometric mean  10  9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2  1  Criterion  0/29  3/8  7  3  6  6  2  7  6  5  2   1  0/18  2/29  4  2  3  3  1  4  3  3    2  0/07  0/84  2  2  1  1  1/3  2  1     3  0/05  0/63  1  1/2  1  1  1/3  1      4  0/04  0/56  1  1/2  1  1  1/3       5  0/15  1/99  4  2  3  3        6  0/05  0/63  1  1/2  1         7  0/05  0/63  1  1/2          8  0/08  0/03  2           9  0/29  0/54             10   Table 2. Indicating final priority of the townships to establish markets for handicraft  Industry in the province  Township criterion  1th criterion  2th criterion  3th criterion  4th criterion  5th criterion  6th criterion  7th criterion  8th criterion  9th criterion  10th criterion  Importance rate  Final priority  Birjand  0/149  0/077  0/036  0/026  0/02  0/064  0/03  0/006  0/035  0/019  0/64  45/7  Gayenat  0/06  0/032  0/014  0/011  0/009  0/027  0/003  0/014  0/021  0/007  0/2  19/7  Ferdos  0/031  0/032  0/007  0/005  0/004  0/027  0/003  0/006  0/003  0/003  0/12  2/12  Sarayan  0/013  0/005  0/003  0/002  0/002  0/004  0/003  0/001  0/003  0/003  0/04  3/8  Sarbisheh  0/013  0/009  0/003  0/002  0/002  0/007  0/032  0/003  0/003  0/003  0/05  4/8  Nahbandan  0/013  0/009  0/003  0/005  0/002  0/007  0/003  0/019  0/012  0/003  0/08  7/5  Drmian  0/013  0/17  0/003  0/005  0/002  0/014  0/003  0/001  0/003  0/003  0/06  6/4    4â Conclusion  Studies indicated that firstly, regarding the abovementioned components as well as efficiency and effectiveness as the two important components, these markets in the townships are more economical and can facilitate its development. This is due to a   great part of the tourism attractions and the necessary facilities which were located in the townships. Secondly, according to table 2 Birjand enjoys a higher importance rate than the other spots of the Province. In this regard, based on the results of the mentioned indicators and the in-depth interviews conducted with the experts of Tourism, Cultural heritage and Handicrafts of the Province and other related experts, three spots were suggested to locate markets for handicraft industry in Birjand, which are mentioned below.   5â Suggestions  Based on the results of the hierarchical analysis, three sites are suggested to establish markets in Birjand, which follow in order of priority:  First priority: Birjand Castle  Second priority: Akbariyeh Garden  Third priority: The market located at Modarres Street.  Keywords: Tourism, Markets for handicraft industry, Hierarchical analysis, South Khorasan Province      3  1  2  Figure1. Suggested options in order of priority to establish markets in Birjand    References  Abedindarkoosh, (2006), Introduction to Urban Economics, University Publishing Center, Seventh Edition, Tehran, 221.  Aftabi, (2003), Locate in urban markets (the case of Rasht), Azita Rajabi, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Department of Art and Architecture.  Comprehensive study of the Iranian handicrafts, (2007), host of Tehran University, Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization (Handicrafts), Education, Tehran.  Fernandez, I. and Ruiz, M. C, (2009), âDescriptive model and evaluation system to locate sustainable industrial areas.â Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 17, PP. 87-100.  Ghodsipoor, Seyed Hassan, (2010), Analytical Hierarchy Process, Amirkabir University (Polytechnic), Eighth Edition, Tehran, 220.  Kalantari, Khalil, (2009), Planning and Regional Development, Khoshbin, third Edition, Tehran, 288.  Ministry of Economy, (1972), marketing crafts / translation and regulation, the Ministry of Economy, Handicraft Center, Tehran.  Omkarprasad, V. and K. Sushil, (2004), Analytic hierarchy process: An overview of applications, April.  Ramanathan, R, (2001), A note on the use of the analytic hierarchy process for environmental impact assessment, Journal of Environmental Management, 27â35, doi:10.1006/jema.2001.0455, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com  Sepehr, Nosratolah, (2009), Ancient crafts, Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism, Office of Public Relations, Social and Cultural Affairs - Office of Planning Publication, Tehran, 200.  Tourism Master Plan in South Khorasan province, (2006), Consulting Engineers Sabz andish payesh, Institute of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism of South Khorasan province, Tehran.  Yoam Wind, Thomas L.Saaty, (1980), Marketing applications of the analytic hierarchy process, management science, Vol, 26, No, 7, U.S.A                                   چکیده ا مروزه یکی از مسایل اساسی پیش روی مدیران و برنامهریزان تخصیص منابع به نقاطی است که پتانسیل بازدهی سرمایه را دارند و منافع اقتصادی و اجتماعی برای جامعه به همراه دارند. این نقاط با استفاده از روشهای مکانیابی که در واقع استعدادهای فضایی و غیر فضایی یک سرزمین را برای انتخاب مکان مناسب کاربری خاص، ارزیابی و تجزیه و تحلیل میکنند، انتخاب میشوند. مکانیابی مناسب وقتی صورت میپذیرد که یک ارزیابی دقیق، همگون و سریع از جذابیت مکانهای مختلف برای کاربری مورد نظر وجود داشته باشد. هدف از پژوهش حاضر انتخاب مکان بهینه برای ایجاد بازارچههای صنایع دستی در استان خراسان جنوبی است که با استفاده از روش تحلیل سلسله مراتبی و به کمک نرم افزار Expert choice به انجام رسیده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان دهنده آن است که ایجاد چنین بازارچههایی در مراکز این شهرستانها، از ابعاد مختلف اقتصادی، به علت دو مقوله مهم کارایی و اثربخشی، مقرون به صرفهتر است. در این میان با توجه به نتایج حاصله شهرستان بیرجند و به تبع آن شهر بیرجند بیشترین پتانسیل برای استقرار این بازارچهها را دارا است. و برای استقرار بازارچهها در سطح شهر بیرجند به ترتیب: قلعه بیرجند، ارگ کلاه فرنگی و باغ شوکت آباد پیشنهاد شد.https://urs.ui.ac.ir/article_20030_f760903a37ad9a91848ea1409811511e.pdfمعاونت پژوهش و فناوری دانشگاه اصفهانمطالعات و پژوهشهای شهری و منطقهای (توقف انتشار)2008-535441520130120Stratification and analysis of housing indicators of rural areas of Isfahan province using factor and cluster analysesسطحبندی و تحلیل شاخصهای مسکن روستایی استان اصفهان با استفاده از تحلیل عاملی و خوشهای375220031FAعفتفتحیزهراهدایتی مقدمسیداسکندرصیداییمعصومهجمشیدیعلیرضاجمشیدیJournal Article20160614 Stratification and analysis of housing indicators of rural areas of Isfahan province using factor and cluster analyses      S. E . Seidaiy, Z. Hedayati Moghaddam, E. Fathi, M. Jamshidi, A. Jamshidi  Received: August 28, 2011 / Accepted: April 10, 2012, 11-16 P         Extended abstract  1-Introduction  Nowadays housing and its related issues are considered as a global issue and planners and policy makers in different countries are trying to solve its problems (Buckley, et al., 2005:237). Among different factors involved in rural settlement structures housing is one of the most important ones (Sartipipor, 2010:125). In Iran, the issue of rural housing, on different aspects, has been affected by urban housing. Despite the efforts made to improve it, and giving priority to it in rural development programs,  Author (s)      S. E . Seidaiy ( * )  Assistant Professor of Geography and Rural Planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran  e-mail: s.seidaiy@geo.ui.ac.ir     Z. Hedayati Moghaddam  PhD Student in Geography and Rural Planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran   E. Fathi  PhD Student in Geography and Rural Planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran   M. Jamshidi  PhD Student in Geography and Rural Planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran   A. Jamshidi  PhD Student in Geography and Rural Planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran    housing provision has always been one of the problems of many people, especially low-income families in rural areas.  Non-availability of suitable and standard housing, which is an index of rural development, causes psychological and social damage in rural people's lives, interruption and irregularity in rural housing structures, and ultimately social and economic crises in national level. Therefore, the issue of appropriate planning and policy making for housing and access to a desirable model for rural residents is a major concern of rural planners (Lotfi, 2010:105). One of the important ways of having knowledge of rural condition in the process of rural planning is the use of rural housing indicators (Azizi, 2006:26).   2- Theoretical bases  Rural housing is a coordinated structure consistent with economic, social and cultural structure of rural area that has essential differences with urban housing. In fact, the expectations of two urban and rural societies from housing are not the same. In cities, nowadays, houses mostly have the role of dormitory or resort, while in rural areas people expect more from the housing. For a rural person, housing, besides being a resort unit, is also considered as an economic functional unit (Papoliyazdi, 1994:490). Based on the policies enforced and the amount of government intervention in the housing issue, there are two distinct lines of thought among housing scholars and researchers: market economy and planned economy. In view of market economy, housing problems are solved through the market mechanisms and housing needs are provided by private sector (Chadwick, 1987:88, Ziyari, et al., 210:4). In planned economy government has the role of planner, designer and manager (Aghasi, 1996:201, Chadwick, 1987:88, Shucksmith, 2003:213). In Islam's ideological system the importance of housing is as far as that the housing provision is considered as one of the bases of economic independency, and eradication of poverty in the society.   3â Discussion  To evaluate and analyze the housing indicators in the rural areas of Isfahan province, first data and the related variables are collected and based on them the desired indicators are obtained (Table-1) then, in line with goals of research, we will go through the following steps:  Analysis of housing situation in rural areas of Isfahan province by using housing indicators,  Determining effective factors in improving housing indicators,  And stratification of rural areas based on these indicators.  Applying statistical techniques (factor analysis and cluster analysis), analysis of indicators and prioritization of rural areas of the province are performed.   Table 1: Housing Indicators  ROW  indicators  ROW  indicators  1  The population of rural areas  12  The average of infrastructure lifetime  2  The number of households  13  The share of households that have a minimum electricity  4  The family size  14  The share of households that have a minimum telephone  4  The number of residential units,  15  The share of households that have a minimum water piping  5  The household density in residential units  16  The share of households that have a minimum gas piping  6  The density of people in residential units  17  The share of households that have a minimum central heating and cooling system  7  The housing shortages  18  The share of households that have a minimum kitchen  8  The average of number of rooms in the household  19  The share of households that have a minimum bathroom  9  The average of number of rooms per household member  20  The share of residential units from durable materials  10  The share of owner households to percentage  21  The share of residential units from semi-durable materials  11  The share of tenant households to percentage  22  The share of residential units of less durable materials         4â Conclusion  According to the research objectives, in the first phase, of the 52 variables related to housing, 22 indicators were extracted. Before conducting factor analysis, the suitability of data set for this analysis was evaluated through KOM [1] and BTS [2] tests. At the end 18 indicators were used in the calculations. Selected indicators reduced to 5 through the factor analysis and the total variance accounted for by these indicators is 86.249%. Among these 5 factors, one named fundamental factor with 26.314% variance alone is the most influential factor in this study. In order to classify homogeneous rural areas, cluster analysis has been used, by which, the rural areas of the province were classified into seven homogeneous groups based on which, the rural areas of the city of Isfahan have the highest level and Najaf Abad, Tyran-Va-Karvn, Natanz, Kashan, Khansar, Aran-Va-Bydgl, Golpayegan and Semirom Sofla have the lowest level of housing indicators.   5â Suggestions  Considering the importance of housing issue, to achieve the desired situation and eliminate the heterogeneity, it is necessary that lower level areas be given higher priority. Also considering the reality of different climatic conditions in different areas of the province, areas in each homogeneous group have not necessarily the same natural environment therefore, it is necessary to provide suitable model for each area so that effective and practical planning towards improvement of housing situation be achieved.  Key words: factor analysis, cluster analysis, housing indicators, rural areas of Isfahan province  References  Aghasi, R., (1994), "Geographical analysis of housing", collection of articles of the Seminar on Development of Housing in Iran, Vol.1, National organization land â housing, Tehran.  Ahari, Z., et al., (1989), "Minimum Housing", Housing and building research center, Ministry of Roads and Urban Development.  Akbari,N.,Zahedi keyvan,M.,(2009),"Application of MADM ranking methods" publications, organizations and municipalities Dhyaryhay country, Tehran.  Alalhesabi, M., (2009)," Design for rural, challenges and opportunities", Conference housing development policy in Iran, Ministry of Roads and Urban Development.  Arabiebalghi, n., (2008)," A comparative study of housing indicators changes during the decade of (1996-2006)", Journal of Housing Economies, N.40, summer 2008.  Arnott, R., (2008), "Housing Policy in Developing. 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S., Kiyani, S., Soltani, Z., (2010)," Spatial analysis of rural housing condition in Kohgiloye and Boyerahmad province", Journal of Rural Studies, Summer 2010, n.2,pp 49-72.  Shucksmith, M& Lynn, W., (2003),"Housebuilding on farmland: the distributional effects in rural areas", Department of Land Economy, University of Aberdeen, U.K.  Statistical Center of Iran, (2006), General census of population and housing.  Statistical Center of Iran, (2006), General census of population and housing in Isfahan.  Taghvaie, M., & Shafiei, P., (2009)," Application of factor and cluster analysis in assessment the spatial location of rural areas in Isfahan Province", Journal of Development and Agricultural, N. 68.  Ziyari, K.,Parhiz, F., Mahdinejad, H., Ashtari,H.,(2010)," Assessment of income people housing and ranking housing privision program for low- income groups", (Case study: Lorestan Province),Journal of Researches in human geography,N.74, Winter 2010,N.74,pp1-21 University of Tehran.                                         [1] Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin  [2] Bartlett Test وضعیت مطلوب مسکن در نواحی شهری و روستایی یکی از شاخصهای توسعه اقتصادی اجتماعی در کشورهای جهان محسوب میشود. تدوین یک برنامه جامع در بخش مسکن به منظور دستیابی به وضعیت مطلوب مستلزم شناسایی و تجزیه و تحلیل ابعاد گسترده این بخش است. از راههای مهم آگاهی از وضعیت مسکن در فرایند برنامهریزیهای منطقهای، استفاده از شاخصهای مسکن است. این شاخصها که نشان دهنده وضعیت کمی و کیفی مساکن در هر مقطع زمانی است راهنمایی موثر برای بهبود برنامهریزی مسکن آینده است. پژوهش حاضر با استفاده از شاخصهای مسکن به بررسی وضعیت مسکن مناطق روستایی شهرستانهای استان اصفهان و سطحبندی نواحی روستایی آن با استفاده از این شاخصها پرداخته است. روش تحقیق مبتنی بر روش اسنادی، توصیفی و همبستگی است و اطلاعات مورد نیاز از نتایج سرشماری عمومی نفوس و مسکن سال 1385 استان اصفهان استخراج شده است که از میان 52 متغیر مربوط به مسکن، 18 شاخص استخراج شده و مناسب بودن آنها از طریق آزمون KMO ارزیابی شده است. شاخصهای انتخابی با روش تحلیل عاملی به 5 عامل تقلیل یافت که این عوامل جمعا 249/86 درصد واریانس را در بر میگیرند. در بین 5 عامل فوق، عامل زیربنایی به تنهایی 414/26 درصد واریانس را پوشش میدهد که تاثیر گذارترین عامل در مطالعه است. به منظور سطحبندی نواحی همگن روستایی از روش تحلیل خوشهای استفاده و نقاط روستایی استان به 7 گروه همگن طبقهبندی شدهاند که بر اساس آن مناطق روستایی شهرستان اصفهان در بالاترین سطح و مناطق روستایی شهرستانهای نجفآباد، تیران و کرون، نطنز، کاشان، خوانسار، آران و بیدگل، گلپایگان و سمیرم سفلی در پایینترین سطح از نظر برخورداری از شاخصهای مسکن قرار دارند.https://urs.ui.ac.ir/article_20031_99016937653bacaebd3bc20a932c579a.pdfمعاونت پژوهش و فناوری دانشگاه اصفهانمطالعات و پژوهشهای شهری و منطقهای (توقف انتشار)2008-535441520130120Assessing Tourist Resorts Surrounding Metropolitans Applying SWOT- AHP Models Case study: Malaga Resortارزیابی تفرجگاههای گردشگری پیرامون کلان شهرها با استفاده از تلفیق مدلSWOT و AHP؛ مطالعه موردی تفرجگاه گردشگری مالآقا537420032FAرضازارعیعلیموحدسعیدامانپورعلیموحدJournal Article20160614 Assessing Tourist Resorts Surrounding Metropolitans Applying SWOT- AHP Models Case study: Malaga Resort    A . Movahed, S. Amanpoor, R. Zarei  Received: April 17, 2011/ Accepted: April 10, 2012, 17-20 P     Extended abstract  1-Introduction  Today, the urban concept is not understandable without resorts in different forms and the results of urban development and environmental problems have made the development ad existence of resorts unavoidable.  Ahvaz is one of the metropolitan cities. For the reason of its pollution, oil-dependent industries, hot and humid weather, having a long hot and dusty season, the citizens have been encouraged to travel to other areas with better climate. Therefore, it is necessary to locate a place with appropriate climate in the province.    In this study, we use the descriptive combination and analytical method and this research is applied. We aim to examine three patterns: the final level pattern walkway areas of major cities, Robert pattern and standard distance pattern. Results show that, because of the long distance between Ahvaz and Malaga, the above-mentioned models could not determine Ahvaz walkway field.   2- Theoretical bases  The Tourism has expressed as the specific spatial patterns. One of them is spatial patterns of urban tourism. Urban areas are important tourism places because they have historical and cultural attractions. The major cities have many diverse attractions, including museums, monuments, theaters, sports stadiums, parks, toy city, Shopping centers, and places of historical and architectural sites of important events with famous people.  Moreover, if the tourist attractions are located in rural areas, urban movement supports the objective location.  To examine the influence of large urban parks, three methods are used that are:  A - The final model of the metropolitan park  B - Robert pattern  C - Standard distance model    3â Discussion  There are three different variations of climate in Khuzestan province: desert climate, semi desert climate and mountainous climate that are suitable for tourism. Ahvaz city has taken in desert climatology therefore, there is a need for amusement places at mountainous climates. As map 2 shows there is a 200 km distance between Ahvaz and Malagha thus, it can be a suitable place to attract tourists in Ahvaz city.  In the previous issue of the metropolitan area of the walkway in Ahwaz based on Robert, it was found to be 39 km. It seems that the proposed index for the city of Ahvaz is not generalizable to all seasons. So that, in the longest period of tourism (summer), according to the climate characteristics of the region, the index reaches to more than 100 km.  To determine the influence of travel distance, the standard model of distance is used to determine the pattern of metropolitan Ahvaz. For this purpose, a moderate center in the metropolitan area is selected.     4â Conclusion  We aimed to examine three patterns: the final level pattern walkway areas of major cities, Robert pattern and standard distance pattern. Results show that, because of the long distance between Ahvaz and Malaga, the above-mentioned models could not determine Ahvaz walkway field.  Because of four-season climate of Iran, more recreational and tourism travel is based on climatic differences between regions of the country. The positive point regarding Malaqa region tourism attractions is that citizens are not forced to leave the province because Malaqa is the most proper place in the province.  Ahvaz region's climate is different from Malaga Ahvaz is a desert region and many citizens like mountain regions so, they choose Malaqa for tourism. The far distance (186 km) is accountable. Statistical analysis show that Ahvaz citizens welcome this region and they spend part of their time in Malaqa. 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(1997) Environmental Impact Assessment of Tourism Development, Environmental Issues, No. 2.  Nhrly, David and pleasing Dawn (1996) and introduces the capacity range of resorts Journal of Environmental Studies No. 29 Summer 1996  Deng, Jinyang, Brianking & Ihomas Bauer (2004): Evaluatig natural attractions for tourism, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.29, Issue2: 422438  Garrod Brian and Roz Wornell, Rey youel (2006) Re- conceptualizing rural resources as countryside capital: the case rural tourism, journal of rural study, V.22  Kim, Yog â Kwam (1988): Tourism Impact Assessment: A Test of Vested Interests Model, A Ph.D Thesie presented to Texas A & M University, Unpublished  Lee, Choong â Ki (1992): The Ecoomic Impact of International Inbound Tourism on the South Korean Economy and its Distributional Effects on Income Classes, A  Sehofield, Peter (1996): Cinematographic Images of a City, Tourism Management, and Vol. 17 No. 5  Zahedi, SH (2004): Ecological understanding: a prerequisite of sustainable ecotourism. Department of Managmet, Allameh Tabataba, University, Iran.      اهواز یکی از کلانشهرهای کشور است که به دلیل آلودگیهای صنایع وابسته به نفت، آب و هوای گرم و مرطوب، طولانی بودن فصل گرما و همچنین هوای توأم با گرد و خاک، شهروندان این شهر علاقهمند به مسافرت به سایر مناطق خوش آب و هوا میشوند. بنابراین، مکانییابی تفرجگاهی با موقعیت مناسب اقلیمی، در استان خوزستان به منظور استفاده شهروندان این کلانشهر ضروری است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی جایگاه تفرجگاهی مالآقا برای شهر اهواز تدوین شده است. روش تحقیق ترکیبی از روش توصیفی و تحلیلی با ماهیت کاربردی است. در این پژوهش سه الگوی تعیین حوزه نفوذ گردشگاهی کلانشهرها (الگوی حد نهایی حوزه گردشگاهی کلانشهرها، الگوی رابرت و الگوی مسافت استاندارد) مورد بررسی قرار گرفته و با واقعیتهای موجود بین شهر اهواز و تفرجگاه مالآقا تطابق داده شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان دهنده آن است که از سه مدل فوق به دلیل طولانی بودن مسیر اهواز تا مالآقا، کاربردی برای بررسی تعیین حوزه گردشگاهی شهر اهواز ندارند؛ به همین منظور استفاده از متغیر اقلیم در تعدیل مدل پیشنهاد شده است. بررسیها نشان میدهد که متغیر اقلیم نقش مهمی در تعیین مسافت جاذبههای پیرامونی شهر اهواز دارد. بنابراین، فاصله زیاد شهر تا روستای مالآقا تأثیری بر سفر شهروندان به این مکان ندارد. در نتیجه با ایجاد زیرساختهای گردشگری در روستای مالآقا میتوان این منطقه را به عنوان تفرجگاهی مطمئن با امکانات مناسب برای شهر اهواز تدارک دید. واژههای کلیدی: گردشگری، گردشگری روستایی، تفرجگاه پیرامونی، مالآقا، اهوازhttps://urs.ui.ac.ir/article_20032_3d8e7764e8376ecac10589eeadfd9573.pdfمعاونت پژوهش و فناوری دانشگاه اصفهانمطالعات و پژوهشهای شهری و منطقهای (توقف انتشار)2008-535441520130120Application of passive defense in urban housing planningکاربرد پدافند غیر عامل در برنامهریزی مسکنِ شهری578820033FAحسنحسینیامینیداودامینیحسنکامرانJournal Article20160614 Application of passive defense in urban housing planning    H. Kamran, D. Amini, H. Hossaini Amini  Received: June 15, 2011/ Accepted: May 11, 2012, 21-24 P           Extended abstract  1-Introduction  Today, with advances in the technology of weapons and military equipment, urban areas are most at risk of invasion. Among the most important factors in enhancing human casualties in military attacks on urban areas, one can point to the unrealistic architecture of houses which does not conform to principles such as optimal site selection and layout of the structure of human settlements, proper distribution, principles of concealment, camouflage and deception, the high degree of vulnerability of buildings and interior architecture of buildings with regard to passive defense. Structural arrangement of spaces and their connection with surrounding areas has created great opportunities for saving lives Author (s)      H. Kamran  Associate Professor of Geopolitics, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran    D. Amini  Lecturer in Geography and Urban Planning, University of Imam Ali, Tehran, Iran   H. Hossaini Amini ( * )  MA in Geography and Urban Planning, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran  e-mail: amini13888@yahoo.com     And improves system performance and reduces its vulnerability. This study with a descriptive-qualitative approach, investigates the role of passive defense in urban housing planning and the conclusions are used to create safe city, strong city and deterrent city. Results show that determining the geometric design of house, pop location, availability and predictability of secure spaces are regarded as multi-functional space for each building in times of peace and war are among the optimal components of building architecture and vernacular architecture from the perspective of a passive defense.  Crises, threats and disasters are classified into two main categories: natural, including earthquakes, floods, landslides, droughts and human category such as war, accidents and diseases which are more than 50 types. The main objective of this study is investigating crisis caused by war in residential areas. In the full-scale military conflicts, one of the ultimate goals of the parties involved is making an effort to bring the breadth and scope of the battlefield to civilian centers especially to urban centers, which is usually accompanied by heavy air strikes. This act is one of the most effective strategies in the fate of wars. Dragging wars to residential areas is usually accompanied by extensive damage and high human casualties and if there is no planning at macro measures in peacetime, during the war casualties would be double and it would bring terrible psychological burden for politicians and top military commanders. Among the main factors increasing the number of people killed and injured in the military attacks we can point to security attacks and natural and unexpected disasters occurring in urban areas and the high vulnerability of buildings which are resulted from the improper planning of housing, inadequate spatial layout and structured problems, construction engineering problems (unsafe structures and fortifications), inappropriate architecture (not anticipating the shelter, open spaces, etc.), non-standard communication networks and etc. Thus, regarding key principles underlying passive defense in buildings can be considered as bedrock for the development of sustainable security in urban areas. Another major cause of casualties in urban warfare is the population growth in urban areas due to excessive migration and unplanned growth of non-standard and unsafe human settlements in the margin of urban areas (e.g. Tehran metropolitan). So that in 1900, 29% of the world population lived in urban areas and in 1950, this rate increased to 49% and according to UN statistics in 2010 this percentage was more than 75% (Vautravers, 2010, p. 438).   2- Theoretical bases  The main objective of this study was to investigate and analyze structural and architectural factors affecting patterns of planning and design of housing in urban areas in order to deal with the effects of enemy invasion to residential areas and based on this, the hypothesis of the study has been developed which seems that the optimal pattern of planning of urban settlements and giving priority to housing planning based on defensive architecture and passive defense principles are among the major factors in reducing casualties and financial losses in residential areas during the crisis. The research method was descriptive - analytical. Data were gathered and analyzed through sources and documents available in libraries.   3â Discussion  Urban housing  Housing is one of the affective indicators in the mortality caused by military invasion to the cities. Since housing is known as the basic of urban fabric. The housing issue is broad and complex and has various dimensions. Housing has a physical location and is regarded as a shelter, basic and primary need of individuals. In this shelter, some of the family or individual's primary needs such as food, rest, and protection against environmental conditions are met (Pourmohammadi, 2009, 3). Housing planning is part of the urban planning in which residential units are considered as part of the deformed and adopted spaces which will be considered with regard to their subjects in the housing planning framework. Based on this, housing planning deals with allocating habitable spaces to needs of residential housing and paying attention to the limitation of resources and the use of special techniques, theories with social, cultural, political and economic frameworks.  Passive defense principles in the design and construction of urban human settlements  Defensive architecture of the building is presented in order to get ready for more attacks against military and other natural disasters. Passive defense considerations in housing are crystallized in three categories of architecture, structural strength and installations. In architecture, attending principles such as optimal site selection and layout of buildings, the proper dispersion, observing such principles as camouflage, concealment and deception principles and high-grade restoration of interior architecture of buildings is important (Faraji Mollaei and Azimi, 2011, 998). The structural arrangement and connection with surrounding areas has provided great resources to save lives and has improved the system performance and reduced its vulnerability. Determining the geometric design, pop location, availability and predicting secure spaces as multiple performance spaces for each building in peacetime and war are the responsibility of architects. Architects should design the space to suit the needs of the user so that in addition to the defensive performance in the time of war, it has appropriate use in time of peace (21st issue of the National Building Regulations, 2009, 3-4). The structural aspect of buildings deals with how to design the building to resist the explosive loads. This work is the responsibility of Structural Engineers. In order to have the right structural system and choosing the appropriate section of the building for secure space, architectural plans must be coordinated with the structural issue. In the facility sector, it is to prevent the damage caused by the blast effects, such as gas leaks, flooding, electrical hazards, fire and installing alarm system. Limited utilization capacity or variability of building facility systems consistent with the desired performance is considered by facilities engineers.    4- Conclusion  Urban housing planning must be designed and implemented under this title. In addition to attending the social, economic and security issues, it should seek to achieve the goal of increasing the nation's capacity to deal with threats and potential harms and to promote empowerment and national tolerance for dealing with emergency situations. From the discussed issue, we can conclude that it is possible to decrease the severity and extent of damage caused by enemy attacks during crises cassette through applying appropriate architecture measures with a defensive approach, considering the 16 principles of passive defense consistent with the physical and special properties of cities and especially in urban residential areas, while creating beautiful spaces without compromising space and their functionality and without spending too much cost. This work involves the national resolute determination of relevant organizations which is possible with the cooperation and synergy of organizations.   5- Suggestions  In order to reach housing programs with an appropriate level of safety based on passive defense principles the following suggestions are offered:  Comprehensive housing plan for the development of quality of buildings along its quantitative development.  Considering the safety of the buildings.  Preparation of passive defense guidelines based on safe housing planning.  Compilation of architectural document requirements in the design of buildings with passive defense approach.  Planning for reducing physical instability of residential buildings in the historic fabric and marginal areas.  Paying special attention to textures and old residential areas in central cities, and granting support from government facilities for strengthening, upgrading and refurbishment of old buildings.  Key words: Urban planning, urban housing, building architecture, passive defense   References  Afshari Basir, Nafiseh and Afshari Basir, Mohammadreza (2011). Proceedings of the National Conference of passive defense, Ilam University.  Daeinezhad, Faramarz (2006). Principles and guidelines for designing and furnishing the outdoor space of open houses in order to passive defense, Proceedings of the Seminar on Mass Housing Development Policies in October, the Department of Housing and Urban Development, Building and Housing Research Center, Tehran  Draft of National Building Regulations in passive defense (topic 21), 2009  Faraji Mollaei, Amin and Azimi, Azadeh (2011). Techniques of passive defense in municipal facilities, Proceedings of the Third Conference of passive defense, Ilam University.  Farzad Behtash, Mohammadreza and Aghababaei, Mohammadtaghi (2011). Passive defense concepts in urban management, focusing on the city of Tehran, Tehran, Center of City Planning: No. 37.  Farzamshad, Mostafa (2009). Theoretical foundations of the architecture in passive defense, Jam-e-Jam publishing.  Farzamshad, Mostafa (2010). Landscaping design in passive defense, passive defense Quarterly, Year II, No. 1.  Fathi, Rashid and Gholizadeh, Elham (2009). Selected Proceedings of the Second Conference on Safety of Tehran, Tehran Municipality.  Karimian, Hossein (1987). Ray in the Book of Iranian Cities, Tehran  Khoramabadi, Mohammad (2011). History and concepts of passive defense, Journal of Construction Engineering Organization, No. 36.  Kiannezhad, Seyyed Ghasem and Firoozpour, Imamali (2012). Reviewing and explaining the role of passive defense in the promotion of safety in urban space, Urban Management Conference.  Peyman, Safa and Ghazanfarinia, Sajad (2007). Fortifications and secure structures, first edition, Tehran, Malek Ashtar University Press.  Pourmohammadi, mohammadreza (2009). Housing programs, Samt Press, sixth edition, Tehran.  Rahnamee, Mohammad Taghi (2008). Topics and procedures of Urbanization: Geography, Department of Planning and Architecture, Department of Housing and Urban Development, Fourth Edition, Tehran.  Shahnaz, Ali Akbar, Rezaeenia, Hassan (2012). Assessing Seismic Vulnerability of Urban Network (Case Study of Tabriz), Fourth Conference on Planning and Urban Management, Mashhad.  Stillion, John, David T. Orletsk, (2002), Defensive Responses To and Enemy-Missile Threat.  Vautravers, Alexandre, Military operations in urban areas, International review of the red cross, Volume 92 Number 878 June 2010.  www.abaCAD.ir       امروزه با پیشرفتهای صورت گرفته در فناوری تسلیحات و تجهیزات نظامی، مناطق مسکونی شهری بیشتر در معرض خطر تهاجم قرار گرفته است. از مهمترین عوامل افزایش دهنده تلفات انسانی در حملات نظامی به مناطق شهری، معماری غیراستاندارد و غیرمنطبق مساکن با اصولی همچون مکانگزینی و جانمایی بهینه ساختمان، پراکندگی مناسب بنا، رعایت اصول اختفاء، استتار و فریب، درجه مرمتپذیری بالای ساختمان و معماری داخلی ساختمان در ارتباط با پدافند غیرعامل است. آرایش فضاهای ساختمانی و نحوه ارتباط با پیرامون، امکانات ویژهای را برای نجات جان افراد ایجاد نموده و باعث بهبود عملکرد سیستم و کاهش آسیبپذیری آن میشود. این تحقیق با روش توصیفی - تحلیلی به دنبال بررسی نقش پدافند غیر عامل در برنامهریزی مسکنِ شهری است که نتایج کلی آن در راستای ایجاد شهر ایمن، شهر قدرت و شهر بازدارنده است. نتایج حاکی از آن است که تعیین طرح هندسی بنا، موقعیت بازشوها، نحوه دسترسی و پیشبینی فضای امن به عنوان فضای چند عملکردی برای هر ساختمان در زمان صلح و جنگ از جمله مؤلفههای بهینه معماری ساختمان و معماری بومی از منظر پدافند غیرعامل است.https://urs.ui.ac.ir/article_20033_2a7111e9bd499cb567f63ff7742ef279.pdfمعاونت پژوهش و فناوری دانشگاه اصفهانمطالعات و پژوهشهای شهری و منطقهای (توقف انتشار)2008-535441520130120An analysis of Socio-economic and physical aspects of Slum areas in Ahar cityتحلیل وضعیت اقتصادی، اجتماعی و کالبدی محلههای حاشیه نشین شهر اهر8910420034FAجوادپورفتحینادرزالینادرزالیJournal Article20160614 An analysis of Socio-economic and physical aspects of Slum areas in Ahar city      N. Zali, J. Poorfathi  Received: April 14, 2011 / Accepted: November 13, 2011, 25-28 P      Extended abstract  1-Introduction  Over the last few decades, urban marginalization has been a major challenge in the metropolitan and large cities. After various experiences of forcible contact , what is recommended by international organizations is an empowerment approach which focuses on the empowerment of squatters instead of financial support. In this study, Ahar squatters were identified and investigated in 4 neighborhoods. Using Cochran formula, 320 samples were chosen randomly and their economic, social, physical and spatial characteristics of neighborhoods were collected by questionnaires and then analyzed by SPSS software. Besides, using SWOT approach and identifying problems, strategies of  Empowerment in different dimensions was presented. Results showed that Shileboran and Nirugah neighborhoods have more problems regarding socio-economic and physical status, whereas Chalabverdi neighborhood has better situation than other neighborhoods. Ownership issue, poor housing conditions, access problems and poor sewage system were serious problems for residents of these neighborhoods.   2- Theoretical bases  In the second decades of 1980s, empowerment strategies along with improvement in informal habitat settings are recommended to overlook the poor economic condition of families and also the inability to use the collective power. Therefore, a great leap was created in modern approach which is based on the improvement of local communities and macro policies. The entity of the empowerment approach is based on the reduction of poverty and in human-oriented sustainable development it is based on the citizen participation.   3â Discussion  The problem of informal settlements in Ahar city because of its geographical location as a city in northeast of Azerbaijan province and its situation in the middle of bundles of small and big villages has been accelerated to the extent that solving the problem has been a real challenge. Investigation of the situation of these districts shows that economic, social and physical situation of these districts arenât in a good condition. Due to poor sanitary condition and free flow of sewages, keeping animals in some residential units, the possibility of infectious diseases and their development to other parts of the city are increasing.   4â Conclusion  The results show that more than 90% of the residents of these neighborhoods immigrated from near villages which in Shileh-boran involves nearly 95% of residents. Furthermore, more than 80% of the immigrations are of familial form and individual immigration is rare in these areas. Considering the occupational status of these immigrants, 45% are workers with the average salary of 100-150 thousands tomans. In addition, results show that Shileh-boran and Nirougah neighborhoods have poorer economic, social and physical conditions. The problems of ownership, poor housing situation, sewage system and access can be regarded as the important problems in these areas.  The analysis of the results of the SWOT show that despite the serious threats and fundamental weaknesses such as high percentage of workers in primary jobs, hidden and seasonal unemployment, high dependency ratio, limited role of women in economy of the family, poor intensity, lack of financial facilities in improving neighborhoods, disorder of streets margin space, lack of balance in void and solid spaces, narrow passages, compression of texture, inefficiency of network access, weak and inappropriate studding, facade and form, low educated ratio, migration of majority of residents, bad sanitary condition, high rate of crime between young people, there are some opportunities for empowerment of the residents and improvement in neighborhood. These opportunities can be the inclination of the municipality in improving neighborhood, government's attention to organizing the informal habitat, international aids for empowerment activities, the existence of the sense of public participation of the residents for improvement and support of the government in creating local loan boxes, can be one of the solutions for neighborhoods problems.  Key words: Slum dwelling, informal settlements, Ahar, empowerment    References  Akhter, Ali Mohammad and kavita toran, (2000), Migration-slums and urban squatter at www. Yorku.ca/bunchmi/ICEH  Asian Development Bank (2010), access to justice for the urban poor toward inclusive cities.  Bighdeli, Davood, (2004), Organization of informal settlement, case study: Fatemie Avenue in zanjan, M.S Thesis in Geography and urban planning, university of Zanjan  Castells, M. (1996), the information age economy, society and culture, Blackwell press  Fanni, Z. 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Dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/achieve  www.sci.org.ir  Ziari, Karamatolah, Azar dokht, Nozari, (2009), organizing and empowering the informal settlement in Ahwaz, Journal of Human Geography researches, No. 68, pp. 21-36 .     حاشیه نشینی همواره در طول چند دهه اخیر چالش اصلی شهرها بوده است و بعد از تجربیات مختلف برخورد قهری، آنچه که اکنون توسط سازمانهای بین المللی توصیه شده، رویکرد توانمندسازی است که به جای حمایتهای مالی، بر توانمندسازی حاشیه نشینان با تاکید بر ماهیّت درونزایی حل مشکل استوار شده است. روش این تحقیق اسنادی و پیمایشی است و با هدف تحلیل کلی از وضعیت اقتصادی، اجتماعی و کالبدی محلات حاشیه نشین شهر اهر و تلاش برای ارائه راهکارهایی برای ساماندهی آنها است. در این تحقیق حاشیه نشینان شهر اهر به عنوان محدوده پژوهش در 4 محلّه اصلی شناسایی و بررسی شدهاند. حجم نمونه از طریق رابطه کوکران به تعداد 320 نمونه تصادفی مشخص شده و ویژگیهای اقتصادی، اجتماعی، کالبدی و فضایی محلات مذکور به وسیله پرسشنامه گردآوری و با نرم ا ف زار SPSS تحلیل شده است. همچنین با استفاده از رویکرد SWOT ضمن شناسایی مشکلات، راهکارهای توانمندسازی در ابعاد مختلف کالبدی، اقتصادی و اجتماعی ارائه شده است. نتایج نشان دهنده آن است که بیش از 90 درصد ساکنان محلههای حاشیهنشین از روستاهای اطراف شهرستان اهر به این محلات مهاجرت کردهاند که در شلهبران این رقم نزدیک به 95 درصد است. همچنین بیش از 80 درصد مهاجرتها به صورت خانواری است و مهاجرت انفرادی کمتر از 20 درصد است. از نظر شغلی نیز به طور متوسط 45 درصد ساکنان کارگر هستند که متوسط درآمد آنها بین 150-100 هزار تومان است. نتایج تحقیق نشان میدهد محلا ت شلهبران و نیروگاه از وضعیّت اجتماعی، اقتصادی و کالبدی محرومتری برخوردار بوده و محلّه چلب وردی نسبت به سایر محلّات از وضعیّت مناسبی برخوردار است. مشکل مالکیت، وضعیت نامناسب مسکن، سیستم دفع فاضلاب و دسترسیها از جمله مشکلات جدی ساکنان است.https://urs.ui.ac.ir/article_20034_b7a92873b734dc98deecb7bb47ecccaf.pdfمعاونت پژوهش و فناوری دانشگاه اصفهانمطالعات و پژوهشهای شهری و منطقهای (توقف انتشار)2008-535441520130120Investigating the role of Social Wealth in the Renovation and refurbishment of old contextures (Case Study: Sardasht City)بررسی نقش سرمایه اجتماعی در نوسازی و بهسازی بافتهای فرسوده مطالعه موردی شهر سردشت10512220035FAعلیباقری کشکولیمیرنجفموسویحسنحیدریمیرنجفموسویJournal Article20160614 Investigating the role of Social Wealth in the Renovation and refurbishment of old contextures (Case Study: Sardasht City)      MN. Mousavi, H. Heidari, A. Bagheri Kashkooli  Received: August 15, 2011 / Accepted: January 16, 2012, 29-32 P          Extended abstract  1-Introduction  Old contextures include restricted areas that are the subject of municipalities' certain activities due to space certain quality, social condition, immunity against accidents and the shortage of public services. The importance of social wealth in urban renewal process is more felt from this point of view and consequently the interference of old contextures are accomplished on the local position. Thus, on the one hand, social wealth can have a good show off with regard to the concept of local and due to the common interests and face to face relationships of the residents . On the other hand, considering the values like social confidence, social correlation and social  Author (s)      MN. Mousavi ( * )  Assistant Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Urmia, Urmia, Iran  e-mail: Mousavi424@yahoo.com     H. Heidari  Assistant Professor of Climatology, University of Urmia, Urmia, Iran   A. Bagheri Kashkooli  PhD student in Geography and Urban Planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran    integrity as internal capacities and hidden wealth in locals, it promises an uncentralized and bottom-up effort. This study intends to determine the social wealth of Sardasht and oldness of its old contexture and more importantly their relationships.   2- Theoretical bases  Urban renewal as a purely physical perspective, resulting from a lack of understanding of physical and spatial attractiveness of old context, is regarded as the only factor of their oldness in the majority of cases.While the extra-skeletal components like social structures of the contextures, i.e. the quality and quantity of relationships and the participation of the residents, could be a more desirable and acceptable tool and motive for the renewal. Considering the role of social wealth in the discussions relating to urban instauration, this policy believes in people participation in instauration process and in this regard, the social wealth of societies is considered as primary assets to reach to instauration goals.   3â Discussion  Gerde Sour district (3) with 5786 population is the most populated local and the district No. 9 has the minimum population rate in the old contexture. The findings of the current status of Sardhasht old contexture show that about 60 % of the population of this area have a degree close to diploma, its immigration rate is equal to 18.5 %, 30.40 % of residents have been living more than 15 years, 91% of the individuals have collaborative sense and 72.42 % of them are intended to instaurate residential agencies in the case of granting facilities and encouragement policies.   4â Conclusion  Applying Topsis Model and Anthropy weighting, we found that Gerdesu (district 3) is the most stable local and districts 9 and 10 are known as the most unstable ones. Also, using Pearson Correlation Coefficient, the relationship among social, economic and population variables and instauration was equal to 0.518. In other words, till the social, economic and population situation of Sardasht local old contextures is not in a good condition, its instauration status would be in the same condition. According to the findings, social wealth in Sardasht local old contextures is 3.18 (71.30 %) in average and its ranking through applying clustering analysis with regard to social wealth shows that districts 3, 6 and 8 have the highest degree of capital. Using regression coefficient to investigate the effect and dimension of social wealth in the instauration of old contexture of Sardasht showed that social participation, social confidence, cooperation and mutual assistance have a meaningful relationship with instauration of old contexture. Multiple regression variance analysis and F scale also confirm the meaningfulness of social wealth in explaining instauration of Sardasht old contexture local plans.   5â Suggestions  Strategic approach to the renewal and development of urban old contexture with an emphasis on social wealth is followed by transforming potential sources to actual performance and increasing opportunities as well. In this respect, some suggestions as increasing physical interferences in local level to improve the quality of area in order to increase the residents' encouragement for continuation of habitation and strengthening potential aspects of social wealth, reliance on actual aspects of social wealth in improving physical interference pattern and planning according to people's requirements and participation, assigning a legal role for local consultative for instauration and structure making and supporting public formations are made.  Key words: Social Wealth, Renovation and improvement, old contexture, Sardasht City, West Azerbaijan   Resources  Adviser engineering logistician development balanced (2007), arrangement, improved and modernization Foreworn Texture sardasht city, sardasht municipation.  Akbari, Nematalah and Mehdi Zahedi, Keyvan (2008). Ratings and decision-making procedures used multi- indicators, the municipalities and Dehyaryha, Tehran.  Arefi, Mahyar (2001). 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Deployment pattern of the urban design process with a focus on older people's participation in the context of urban planning, construction of the second seminar in the capital, Faculty of Engineering, Tehran University.  Mousavi, Seyed Ahmad (2006). Neighborhood development planning with emphasis on social capital (Case Study: St. Scholars of Mashhad), M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Arts, University of Tehran.  Nemati limaee, mahlagha (2010). Decryption Qualitative advance urban modernization emphasis in role Social capital, M.S thesis, college art and architecture, Islamic Azad University Tehran center.  Pour-Ahmad, Ahmad and Ali Shamay (2005). Development and urban renewal from the perspective of geography, Tehran University Press, Tehran.  putnam, (1993). Making democracy work: Civic traditions modern ltaly. Princeton, N.Y: Princeton University Press.  Putnam. R (2000). Bowling Alone :The Collapse and Revival Of American Community, Simon and Schuster , New York.  share Pour, Mohammed (2006). Social capital: conceptualization, measurement and policy implications Business, Management and Planning province.  Stone.W (2004).Measuring Social Capital: Towards a theoretically informed measurement framework for researching Social Capital in family and community life, Australian Institute of family Studies.  Svendsa. A (2006). Foundations of social theory, Cambridge mass: Harvard university press.  Tajbakhsh, Kiyn and Kia Asadi, Behnaz (2003). Theory of social capital: the implications for economic and social development, publishing gofteman  .            اهمیت سرمایه اجتماعی در فرآیند نوسازی شهری به عنوان ظرفیتهای درونی و ثروتهای پنهان در محلات، یک اقدام غیرمتمرکز و از پایین به بالا است. این پژوهش با هدف تحلیل فضایی رابطه میان سرمایه اجتماعی و برنامههای نوسازی و بهسازی بافت فرسوده شهر سردشت است روش پژوهش توصیفی- تحلیلی است. جامعه آماری، 10 محله بافت فرسوده با 25 شاخص مختلف برای سنجش وضعیت موجود در شاخصهای جمعیتی، اقتصادی و اجتماعی و تعداد 512 نفر از ساکنان محلات برای مقوله سرمایه اجتماعی در 5 مؤلفه است. با بهرهگیری از مدل تاپسیس و روش وزندهی آنتروپی به رتبهبندی محلات شهر سردشت در شاخص اجتماعی، اقتصادی، فرهنگی و ... پرداخته شده است. بر اساس نتایج بررسیها محله 3 به عنوان پایدارترین محله و محلات 9 و 10 به عنوان محلات حاشیهای، ناپایدارترین محلات شناخته شدهاند . همچنین بیشترین میزان سرمایه اجتماعی متعلق به محله 3 که حدود 2/81 درصد و کمترین میزان مربوط به محله 10 در حدود 3/32 درصد است. با بهرهگیری از مدل تحلیل خوشهای K میانگین، محلات بافت فرسوده از نظر سرمایه اجتماعی در سه گروه سطحبندی شد که محلات 3، 6 و 8 بالاترین میزان سرمایه اجتماعی و سه محله 4، 9 و 10 در سطح پایین سرمایه اجتماعی قرار دارند. ضریب همبستگی بین تعداد جمعیت و سرمایه اجتماعی 921/0 با سطح معناداری 99 درصد است. با بهرهگیری از نرمافزار SPSS و استفاده از ضریب رگرسیونی عوامل و ابعاد تأثیرگذار سرمایه اجتماعی در نوسازی و بهسازی بافت فرسوده محلات شهر سردشت مشخص گردید. نتایج نشان میدهد مشارکت اجتماعی، اعتماد اجتماعی، تعاون و همیاری دارای رابطه معنادار با نوسازی و بهسازی بافت فرسوده محلات و علاقه به جامعه، روابط خانوادگی و دوستان به دلیل ارتباط ضعیف با نوسازی و بهسازی، معنادار نیست.https://urs.ui.ac.ir/article_20035_13275c86774544a02fc0b1acee5e201b.pdfمعاونت پژوهش و فناوری دانشگاه اصفهانمطالعات و پژوهشهای شهری و منطقهای (توقف انتشار)2008-535441520130120Urban rustytextures recreation with an emphasis on social mobilization (Case study: Slaughter house district in Yazd)بازآفرینی بافتهای فرسوده شهری با تأکید بر بسیج اجتماعی؛ مطالعه موردی محله کشتارگاه در شهر یزد12314020036FAمحمدحسنرحیمیاننجمااسمعیلپورسحرقربانیJournal Article20160614 Urban rustytextures recreation with an emphasis on social mobilization (Case study: Slaughter house district in Yazd)    N. Esmailpoor, M. H. Rahimin, S. Ghorbani  Received: September 14, 2011/ Accepted: February 12, 2012, 33-36 P          Extended abstract  1-Introduction  Nowadays, paying attention to the capacity development within cities as a new and suitable policy in urban planning, together with sustanable development, becomes very popular. The capacity of develpoment in different regions of the city and inside the rusty textures has been devided to two categories. The first one is human capacity and the other one is physical capacity such as infra- and ultra- structure facilities and equipments. Athough these facilities and equipments do not have suitablie quality and quantity a lot of expenses are spent on making them.   Author (s)      N. Esmailpoor ( * )  Associate Professor of Urban Planning, University of Yazd, Iran e-mail: najmaesmailpoor@yazd.ac.ir     M. H. Rahimin,  Irrigation and Drainage Engineer, National Research Center of salt, Yazd, Iran    S. Ghorbani  Urban Planning Engineering, University of Yazd, practitioner, Iran      Therefore, they should not be ignored due to managerial, environmental and economic reasons. Furthermore, the first category of the develpoment capacity inside the local region that is the human forces (the residents of that region) can have an efficient role in promoting the physical capacity. In conclusion, development should lead to independence. In other words, it should not rely on governmental supplies and services. Therefore, this article is going to have some suggestions for environmental progress and make a background for the residents of slaughter house district to use more different urban facilities and precedence by using peopleâs potential.   2- Theoretical bases  Different factors can be effective in the recreation of rusty textures. In this research, on the one hand, slanghter house district in Yazd is considered as a poor district. On the other hand, encouraging people for direct participation in these gatherings by authorities is considered as a serious suggestion for promotings their residential environment two factors of ârehabilitationâ and âCommunity-based developmentâ are described with an emphasis on strategy such as âbasic needs of develpomentâ and âsocial fundsâ. In addition, the results of experimental experiences related to the ways, conditions and peopleâs paticipation for recreating the regions and rusty textures are offered.   3â Discussion  In this part, first the subject of poverty in slaughter house district that is economic, social, cultural and service poverty is described by using related indicators.Then, the amount of residentʼs participation is discussed. By using the discussion groupâs technique, the problems of this district and their reasons were recognized and categrized based on priorities. After that according to the discussion group, people and local organizations' role in solving three major local problems- lack of social safty, unemployment and unsuitable condition of local sanitary- were scheduled.   4â Conclusion  Although slaughter house district has different kinds of poverty, the residents are ready for cooperation with each other and with the local organization for removing this problem from their district. Accordingly, social development is a suitable aproach.    5â Suggestions  Rusty texture recreation of slaughter house needs a two movement bilateral. The first movement is from up to down which means giving opportunity and conservation partnership in macro-level of society. The other one is the movement from down to up which is the participation of both people and local organization in solving the problems of this district. 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D. .1388, Improving and rehabilitaion of informal settlement in Ahvaz (Water resource alley), Human geography researches Jurnal, No. 86, Summer, pp 21-36.  بافتهای فرسوده حاشیهای اغلب در زمره مناطق محروم شهر از نظر اجتماعی، اقتصادی و کالبدی هستند و این امر عامل نارضایتی ساکنان، عدم پویایی و رونق حیات شهری در آنهاست. محله کشتارگاه از بافتهای فرسوده شهر یزد است و وجه تسمیه آن به استقرار کشتارگاه شهر و واحدهای مرتبط با آن در این محدوده بازمیگردد. اکنون کشتارگاه و بسیاری از فضاهای مرتبط از محله خارج شدهاند، اما پسماندههای غیرفعال و گاه فعال، تغییر کاربری برخی از این فضاها به کاربریهای ناسازگار، ادامه اطلاق نام کشتارگاه، فرسودگی بافت و ... موجب استقرار گروههای فرودست در این محدوده شده و زمینه بروز مشکلات فراوان را فراهم آورده است چنانکه نه تنها گرایشی از طرف سایر شهروندان شهر به ویژه طبقات اجتماعی متوسط و بالاتر برای سکونت در آن وجود ندارد، بلکه ساکنان کنونی هم در صورت فراهم شدن شرایط مهاجرت، تمایل به ترک محله دارند. هدف مقاله حاضر که با روش توصیفی – تحلیلی و استفاده از تکنیک گروههای بحث انجام شده است، جستجوی راههای ارتقاء شاخصهای سکونت در این محله با تکیه بر پاسخگویی به سئوالات ذیل است: آیا پدیده فقر اقتصادی، فقر اجتماعی- فرهنگی و فقر خدماتی به طور نسبی بر این سکونتگاه انسانی حاکمیت دارد و مردم آمادگی زدودن آنرا از محیط سکونت خود دارند؟ شیوه مناسب برای ارتقاء کیفیت سکونت در محله کدام است؟ نقش مردم و دولت در این خصوص چیست؟ براساس نتایج تحقیق: اهالی محله کشتارگاه؛ مردمانی کم درآمد و فقیر هستند؛ که عزم جدی برای همکاری و مشارکت در مراحل مختلف پروژههای فقرزدایی را دارند و بالاخره راهبرد بسیج اجتماعی شیوه مناسبی برای ارتقا شرایط مردم و سکونت در محله کشتارگاه است. در این رابطه، مردم با تشکیل گروههای بحث، قادر به شناسایی مشکلات و ریشهیابی آنها در محله خود هستند تا متناسب با هر مشکل، نقش خود و سازمانهای محلی را برای حل آن و ارتقای شرایط سکونت، بر عهده بگیرند.https://urs.ui.ac.ir/article_20036_2eeb6ee4eae73e810369a659ac3ec868.pdf