معاونت پژوهش و فناوری دانشگاه اصفهانمطالعات و پژوهشهای شهری و منطقهای (توقف انتشار)2008-535441620130421urban 16جلد و پیوستها0120045FAJournal Article20160614https://urs.ui.ac.ir/article_20045_de76196b32e646663e4a2f9b9d8f9c4c.pdfمعاونت پژوهش و فناوری دانشگاه اصفهانمطالعات و پژوهشهای شهری و منطقهای (توقف انتشار)2008-535441620130421Innovation and presentation of RALSPI model: a new method for evaluating alternatives and assessment of development level of settlementsابداع و معرفی مدل RALSPI: مدلی جدید جهت ارزیابی گزینهها و سنجش سطح توسعه سکونتگاهها12220043FAرعناشیخ بیگلومسعودتقواییمسعودتقواییرعناشیخ بیگلوJournal Article20160614 Innovation and presentation of RALSPI model: a new method for evaluating alternatives and assessment of development level of settlements    M. Taghvaei, R. Sheykh Beygloo  Received: June 08, 2011/ Accepted: April 10, 2012, 1-6 P      Extended Abstract  1- Introduction  In this paper, Ranking Alternatives by Limiting Substitution Possibilities of Indicators (RALSPI) method is proposed as a Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) method. Many MCDM methods have been developed over the years, but little is known about their shortcomings on similar problems. This study explores the main faults of some of the classical MCDM methods including SAW, TOPSIS, AHP, LINMAP, Numerical Taxonomy and Morris. The rationale for such selection has been that most of these are among the most popular and widely used methods in regional studies of classifying the development level of settlements, and each method reflects a different approach to solve MCDM problems. The RALSPI method resolves significant shortcomings of these methods.   2- Theoretical bases  The typical MCDM problem is concerned with the task of ranking a finite number of decision alternatives, each of which is explicitly described in terms of different characteristics (also often called attributes, decision criteria, or objectives) which have to be taken into account simultaneously. MCDM plays a critical role in many real-life problems it is hard to accept an MCDM method as being accurate all the time (Wang and Triantaphyllou, 2008). Several methods have been proposed for solving MCDM problems. The major criticism of MCDM methods is that different techniques may yield different results when applied to the same problem, apparently under the same assumptions and by a single DM (Zanakis et al., 1998). Voogd (1983) found that, at least 40% of the time, each technique produced a different result from any other technique.  Practitioners seem to prefer simple and transparent methods (Hobbs et al., 1992). According to Hobbs et al. (1992) a good experiment should satisfy the following conditions:  Compare methods that are widely used, represent divergent philosophies of decision making or claimed to represent important methodological improvements.  Address the question of appropriateness, ease of use and validity.  Well controlled, uses large samples and is replicable.  Compares methods across a variety of problems.  Problems involved are realistic.  This experiment satisfies all conditions except the fourth one.   3- Discussion  The efficiency of a method is not merely a function of the theory supporting it or how rigorous it is mathematically speaking. The other aspects which are also very important, relate to its ease of using, user understanding and faith in the results, and method reliability (Hobbs et al., 1992).  This section presents a new systematic MCDM approach, RALSPI, for evaluating and ranking alternatives. In fact, the RALSPI is a systematic method for decision problems with many criteria and alternatives. The algorithm for the proposed approach will be developed in eight steps. In this method, decisional process is decomposed into a hierarchy of criteria clusters, criteria, and alternatives. The RALSPI procedure is as follows: (In the RALSPI method, the decision matrix and the weight vector w are given as crisp values a priori.)   Step 1: classifying all criteria into some major categories  First, it is necessary to categorize criteria according to thematic homogeneity. It is preferred that the number of criteria lie in various groups be balanced. This rule facilitates the management of studied criteria. (N: number of all studied criteria k: number of criteria categories n: number of criteria related to each category)   Step 2: Normalization of the criteria  The RALSPI method first converts the various criteria dimensions into non-dimensional criteria. For a sets of benefit attributes, each normalized criterion Iij is calculated as follows:   The value of the Iij is computed on a scale of 0â1 where 0 corresponds to the minimum, and 1 to the maximum assigned value for the corresponding indicator.   Step 3: Classifying the amount of Iij into three levels  In this step, three levels for each criterion are defined so that different values are attributed to these levels, as follows:      Step 4: Defining different groups of development for each criteria category based on sum of the level values  The calculations of this step (formula 1) are separately done for each criteria category which has been represented in step 1.  (1)   where g is the level value of development group, n is the number of criteria related to each category, and vj denotes the level value of criterion j.  For example, if one of the major categories consist of 7 criteria and normalized value of all these criteria lie in the interval of (0.80, 1.00], then g=21 because in this example, the level value of each criterion is 3 and so, the sum of the level value of all criteria will be 21. Now, if normalized value of one of these criteria lies in the interval of (0.50, 0.80], then g=20. This means that an increase or decrease in the normalized value of a typical criterion so that it changes the related level value (v) as much as one score, leads to an increase or decrease of the level value of development group (g) as much as one score. Based on this rule, we can define 2n+1 development groups for every criteria category with n criteria. For example, if one of the criteria categories consists of 7 criteria, the number of development groups will be 15. In this example, maximum and minimum level value of development group is 21 and 7, respectively. The level value of 21 is related to the condition in which normalized value of all 7 criteria lie in the interval of (0.80, 1.00], and the level value of 7 occurs when normalized value of all criteria lie in the interval of [0.00, 0.50]. Process of calculating the level value of development group of major criteria categories is presented in Table 1.   Table 1. Process of calculating the level value of development groups of major criteria categories  Development group  level value  level value of development group (g)  criterion 1  criterion 2  criterion 3  . . .. . . . .  criterion n  group 1th     . . . . . . . . .          v=3  v=3  v=3  v=3  3n  group 2th     . . . . . . . . .         v=3  v=3  v=3  v=2  3n-1             . . . . . . . . .           group (2n+1)th     . . . . . . . . .         v=1  v=1  v=1  v=1  n    Based on this procedure, maximum and minimum of g will be 3n and n, respectively.  Step 5: Specifying the possible maximum and minimum score for each of the development groups  This step is devoted to calculating the possible maximum and minimum scores of Development groups.  In RALSPI method, each appraisal criterion is not assumed to be of equal importance because the appraisal criteria have various meanings. There are many methods that can be employed to determine weights, such as the eigenvector method, weighted lease square method, entropy method, AHP etc. The method which is chosen depends on the nature of the problem. However, for a given criteria weight vector w(w1, w2, â¦, wn) where âwj=1, the weighted normalized criterion can be calculated by multiplying its normalized form (Iij) with its associated weight (wj).  The possible maximum score of development for each group ( ) is the possible highest value of sum of the weighted criteria, and the is the lowest one.   (2)  , âg = n, n+1, ..., 3n   (3)  , âg = n, n+1, ..., 3n   Step 6: Calculating the level value of development group (g) of alternatives with respect to each of the major criteria categories  In this step, one of the tripartite values (v=1 or 2 or 3) is assigned to each alternative with respect to each criterion, based on its performance (criterion normalized value). Then, for each alternative, related development group and g value in each major criteria category is determined.   Step 7: Calculating score of alternatives with respect to each individual major criteria category by formula (4)  (4)    Step 8: Calculating total scores for each individual alternative  The total scores for alternatives are computed by summing their values of the all criteria categories.  (5)    The value of Si lies in the interval [0, 1]. The best decision alternative will be the one with the biggest overall value in this interval.   4- Conclusion  This paper presents a new Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) approach, i.e., Ranking Alternatives by Limiting Substitution Possibilities of Indicators (RALSPI), for solving multiple criteria problems. In fact, RALSPI is a new, simple, and straightforward evaluating system with a coherent methodological basis, and resolves significant shortcomings of other current related methods so, this method is proposed to evaluating alternatives and assessing development level of settlements.  Keywords: Evaluating alternatives, Assessment of development level, Multiple Criteria Decision Making, RALSPI model, Iran.   Reference  Akbari, Nematollah and Zahedi Keyvan, Mahdi (2008), Application of ranking and Multi-criteria decision making methods, imo, Tehran.  Asgharpoor, Mohammad Javad (2008), Multi-criteria decision makings, Tehran University.  Badri, Seyyed Ali and Akbarian Ronizi, Saeedreza (2006), Comparative study of application of the methods of assessment development level in regional studies, Geography and development, No. 4, pp. 5-22.  Badri, Seyyed Ali et al. 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Chen (2009), a fuzzy MCDM approach for evaluating banking performance based on Balanced Scorecard, Expert Systems with Applications, No. 36, pp. 10135-10147.  Xu, Xiaozhan (2001), The SIR method: A superiority and inferiority ranking method for multiple criteria decision making, European Journal of Operational Research, No. 131, pp. 587-602.  Yevseyeva, I. et al. (2007), SMMA-Classification Anew Method for Nominal Classification, Helsinki School of Economics Working Paper, Helsinki, pp. 1-19.  Yu L. X. Hou M. Gao and P. Shi (2010), Assessment of coastal zone sustainable development: A case study of Yantai, China, Ecological Indicators, No. 10, pp. 1218-1225.  Zanakis, S. H. A. Solomon N. Wishart and S. Dublish (1998), Multi-attribute decision making: A simulation comparison of select methods, European Journal of Operational Research, No. 107, pp. 507-529.  Ziari, Keramatollah (2004), Schools, Theories and Models of Regional Planning, Yazd University.  Ziari, Keramatollah Zanjirchi, Seyyed Mahmood and Sorkh Kamal, Kobra (2010), Investigation and Ranking of development level of sub-provinces of Khorasan Razavi using TOPSIS model, Human Geography Researches, No. 72, pp. 17-30.    تاکنون روشهای متعدد و متنوعی برای ارزیابی گزینهها ارائه شده است که برخی از این روشها مانند روشهای تاکسونومی عددی، موریس، TOPSIS و غیره در مطالعات جغرافیایی جهت ارزیابی و رتبهبندی سطح توسعه یافتگی سکونتگاهها مقبولیّت عام یافته و به طور مکرر مورد استفاده قرار گرفتهاند؛ در حالی که نکات ضعف و محدودیتهای این روشها کمتر مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. پژوهش حاضر با رویکردی تحلیلی به تبیین مهمترین نقایص روشهای متداول در زمینه سنجش سطح توسعه یافتگی سکونتگاهها پرداخته و با تأکید بر این نقایص و تلاش در جهت رفع آنها، مدل جدیدی به نام مدل RALSPI ابداع و معرفی نموده است. در این مطالعه، فرایند ارزیابی گزینهها در مدل مذکور به تفصیل ذکر شده و مزیتهای آن بر سایر روشهای مرسومِ سنجش سطح توسعه بیان گردیده و در نهایت، سطح توسعه یافتگی شهرستانهای ایران با استفاده از این مدل تعیین شده است.https://urs.ui.ac.ir/article_20043_bffcea3960c0af53b4751e9b149fc496.pdfمعاونت پژوهش و فناوری دانشگاه اصفهانمطالعات و پژوهشهای شهری و منطقهای (توقف انتشار)2008-535441620130421Evaluating various criteria for determining diversity of urban Mixed Land Use via GIS (Case Study: neighborhoods and districts of Tehran Municipality No.7)ارزیابی کاربرد شاخصهای تعیین تنوع در اختلاط کاربریهای شهری (مطالعه موردی نواحی و محلات منطقه هفت شهرداری تهران)234620044FAمحمدکریمیمحمدطالعیقاسمجوادیJournal Article20160614 Evaluating various criteria for determining diversity of urban Mixed Land Use via GIS (Case Study: neighborhoods and districts of Tehran Municipality No.7)    Gh. Javadi, M. Taleai, M. Karimi  Received: March 02, 2012/ Accepted: August 12, 2012, 7-12 P      Extended abstract  1-Introduction  Methods of zoning and land use allocation are experienced in the history of urbanism and its weak and strong points are clearly investigated. In spite of some advantages, this kind of spatial planning has its own disadvantages. New ideas of urbanism support the viewpoint of mixed land use and consider it as the key element for urban sustainability. In recent decades, mixed land use is introduced as a key element in Transit Oriented Development, Traditional Neighborhood Development, smart growth and new urbanism.  Mixed land use means every combination of land uses that can be vertically, horizontally or time combined with each other. The concept of mixed land use from the viewpoint of spatial planners is an important tool to achieve sustainable development .  In order to evaluate the presented model from the viewpoint of mixed land use, a proper spatial criteria and an evaluation method is required. In this study, many methods of evaluation of versatile criteria and a positional criterion for evaluating mixed land use are investigated. Then, a Geographic Information system is used as a powerful means of analyzing and administrating the spatial data. The method in this paper is applied for the horizontal dimension in the 7th regional municipality of Tehran city.    2- Theoretical bases  Evaluation criteria for mixed land use can be categorized based on different concepts. With respect to effective factors in mixed land use (four dimensions: Horizontal, vertical, shared premises and time dimensions, land uses, Geographic scale and spatial criteria), this procedure is a very complex issue.  Compositional pattern of land use mixture is a method to determine spatial assimilation of land development and is very important in the study of mixed land use. To evaluate mixed land use model, this criterion is divided into Evenness and Diversity and clustering. In this study, the aim of criteria evaluation is to determine the diversity of urban mixed land use via GIS.  Mixed land use model evaluation based on Diversity  Evaluation of Diversity in mixed land use compares its distribution in the presented region. In this study and to evaluate this analysis, Balance and Gini criteria are used to evaluate mixed land use and HH and Entropy criteria are used to evaluate more than two mixed land uses. Also, Dissimilarity and Atkinson criteria are used for evaluating two and more mixed land uses.    2-1- Balance Index  This index can evaluate two mixed land uses. When two land uses are distributed evenly, this criterion is unit and when there is only one land use in the region of analysis, this index would be zero. This Indexâs merit is its computational ease.  2-2- Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI)  This index is defined as the squared area summation for every land use in the region of analysis. When there is only one land use this index is 10000. In this index the more close to 10000 the less the level of diversity in mixed land uses. This index is very simple and its limitation is its relation to Modifiable Areal Unit Problem.   2-3- Dissimilarity Index  This index shows the level of sameness of the distribution model of land use in a smaller analysis unit and a larger analysis unit. The value of this index is between zero and unit. Unity shows the perfect sameness and the zero shows Dissimilarity. This index can analyze diversity in two or more mixed land uses. Although this index is simple and easy to implement, it has many limitations.  2-4- Gini index  This index can only investigate two land uses in their diversity and can have a value between zero and unity. Zero shows a perfect sameness and unity shows inhomogeneous distribution.  2-5- Entropy index  Entropy index is a method to evaluate variations and diversity. Zero shows that all the uses in the region are the same as each other. Unity shows a perfect inhomogeneity. This criterion can investigate more than two land uses for the analysis of mixed land uses diversity in different level. Although other index like Dissimilarity index can also evaluate more than two land uses, simplicity of this criterion made it the perfect option for the analysis.  2-6- Atkinson index  Atkinson index is one of those rare methods that not only evaluates inhomogeneous distributions but also assigns a weighting value to subunits. The range of values for this index is between zero and unity. Unity shows a great homogeneity of land uses distribution. This index can investigate two or more mixed land use diversities. This index creates a great practical opportunity for assigning different weighting values to different land uses distributions and makes the fundamental modifications.  3â Discussion  To evaluate the results of distribution pattern (diversity) of urban mixed land use via GIS in the mentioned region, according to the conceptual model of Mixed Land Use, this analysis based on the diversity index is done for the 7th region of Tehran city. Implementation of the presented methods consists of two steps:  · To evaluate MLU Diversity between two land use (residential and non-residential land uses) in district and neighborhood level, Dissimilarity index, Gini index and Atkinson index are implemented. Results obtained from thee presented indexes demonstrates these 5th district and Dabestan, Khaghani, Amjadieh and Kaj âs neighborhoods from viewpoint MLU Diversity are in better condition. Calculated criteria according to obtained results from evaluation of MLU Diversity show a great correlation for the criteria. Criteria A0.5 is more like the DN and GN criteria. This is because an A0.5 criterion is not modified for the area-related dimension. In this study, as we mentioned before, to calculate DN and GN squares with side length of 100 meters are used and the obtained results as expected show a great correlation between these two criteria. It is seen that these criteria not only are sensitive to the diversity of subunit interior but also their results are dependent to the positions of the cells.  · To evaluate diversity of urban MLU in more than two land uses (residential and nonresidential land uses) in district and neighborhood level, Dm and Entropy and Atkinson are implemented. With respect to this, region or district that has only one application has the number zero and the regions with more applications have a number more than zero and less than unity. Results obtained from the proposed criteria demonstrate in the 4th and 5th districts and Amjadieh, Dabestan, khaghani and Kaj âs neighborhoods are in better condition with respect to diversity of MLU And about correlation between indicator show that values for HH and Atkinson have great correlation for these criteria.   4â Conclusion  Urban land use planning deals with how to assign different land use to Land. Over the past few decades mixed land uses development become a model for urban planning, and due to social, economic and environment benefits has been well received in the advanced countries. In this study, Identify the strengths and weaknesses of indicators of diversity in MLU, the proposed indicators for the horizontal dimension urban neighborhoods and districts in the 7th regional municipality of Tehran city will implement. Practical analysis of indicators for the analysis presented above in the study area, indicating the ability of the proposed indicators to evaluate the MLU diversity in the study area. Based on the results of this study, using criteria set Atkinson (A 0.1, A 0.5, A 0.9) to evaluate the diversity for mixing of the two types land use (for example in research, non-residential and residential land use) is recommended. The reasons of propose for these indicators include:  · Weaknesses of other methods (indices of dissimilarity and Gini) to reflect the correct amount of diversity in the Urban mixed land use. For example, the Gini and dissimilarity indices are not a very discriminating indicator and two very different distributions can have exactly the similar indicators. In order to implement the dissimilarity index, in order to implement this index, both types of the land uses must be present in the study area. In our example, the index would not be computed for the neighborhoods with either only residential or only non-residential land uses.  · Indices of Atkinson provide a practical opportunity for assigning weights to various land use distributions and making normative adjustments. In this index, 14 خµ'> , inequality aversion paramater, get amounts to between zero and infinity. Depending on the type and purpose of evaluation we can assign the proper value to the 14 خµ'> . If a value greater than zero but less than 0.5, areal units of the proportion of nonresidential land uses is smaller than the study areaâs average contribute more to the index and for values ââgreater than 0.5 to 1, the opposite is true. When is equal to 0.5, such areas contributing equally.   After analyzing the results of each index, the HHI and Entropy indicator, to assess the diversity in MLU for more than two (e.g. in this research, land uses of housing, urban civil service, cultural and leisure, commercial, administrative and law enforcement and other land uses) is recommended reasons of propose for this indicator:  · The ability to model more than two land uses in the calculation  · Simplicity in computation and less computational time  · And these indicators are more understandable public .   5â Suggestions  It seems that integrating urban planning models with Geographic Information Systems should lead to the development of new models for integrating the various aspects of the spatial planning. The urban planning based on GIS, in addition to supporting the development of new analytical models, leads to the release of restrictions in the conventional urban models and enables us to think beyond the issues raised in the past decades. In this regard, urban planners in dealing with new issues in urban use from GIS -based development tools , apply appropriate flexibility in analysis and integrate them with other spatial planning models. Although the proposed indicators in this study have a proper assessment of the diversity of urban MLU , success came is not a complete solution of this problem and the other research in this direction should be considered .  The suggestions for future:  · Formulations of mixed uses development are insufficient in terms of diversity criteria. It also comprises other features such as the urban experience, the nature of uses, definitions of public and private, land use Incompatibility, conflict and security.  · It is suggested that to evaluate urban Mixed land use, in addition to diversity index, other indicators such as the amount of accessibility of housing to other fundamental land use, such as commercial , office , leisure and etc., amount of Clustering Land uses, amount of intensity in the area of analysis, and also incompatibility between land uses be considered in the future research.  · In order to improve diversity and positive impact of mixed land uses in the area of study, aggregation of the proposed models in this research and GIS, site selection and allocation of land uses for area of analysis towards the goals and advantages of mixed land uses are proposed.  Key Words: Mixed land uses, diversity of land uses, urban planning, GIS, land use evaluation   References  Atkinson, A. 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Verhoef, (2004), Urban Multifunctional Land Use: Theoretical and Empirical Insights on Economies of Scale, Scope and Diversity, Built Environment, Vol.30, No. 4, p.p. 289-307.     طی چند دهه گذشته توسعه اختلاط کاربریها، به الگوی برنامهریزی مکانی مهم در کشورهای پیشرفته تبدیل شده است. نحوه قرارگیری کاربری های شهری، تأثیر بسزایی در سطح کیفیت زندگی و کارایی خدمات مربوط به کاربریهای مختلف دارد. در این تحقیق به بررسی روشهای مختلف ارزیابی میزان تنوع اختلاط کاربریهای شهری، به کمک GIS پرداخته شده است و ضمن مشخص نمودن نقاط ضعف و قوت آنها، یک روش نوین برای ارزیابی تنوع و گوناگونی اختلاط کاربریهای شهری معرفی و پیشنهاد شده است. در این پژوهش از روشهای مختلف به منظور ارزیابی شاخص تنوع، برای بُعد افق در مقیاس محلات و نواحی شهری در منطقه هفت شهرداری تهران استفاده شده است. تحلیل عملی روشهای ارائه شده، حاکی از توانایی روشهای پیشنهاد شده برای ارزیابی میزان تنوع اختلاط کاربریها در محدوده مورد مطالعه است. با توجه به نتایج حاصله، شاخصهای HH و آنتروپی برای ارزیابی تنوع اختلاط کاربریهای شهری برای بیش از دو نوع کاربری و مجموعه شاخصهای ( A0.1 ، A0.5 ، A0.9 ) Atkinson به منظور ارزیابی تنوع اختلاط کاربریهای شهری برای دو نوع کاربری پیشنهاد میگردد. یافتههای حاصل از اجرای مدل در محدوده مطالعه موردی حاکی از آن است که، در سطح نواحی شهری، ناحیه پنج و در سطح محلات، محلههای دبستان، خاقانی، امجدیه و کاج در بهترین وضعیت از نظر تنوع اختلاط کاربریهای شهری بین دو نوع کاربری (مسکونی و غیر مسکونی) قرار دارند، همچنین از نظر تنوع اختلاط کاربریهای شهری در بیش از دو نوع کاربری در سطح نواحی شهری، نواحی پنج و چهار و در سطح محلات، محلههای امجدیه، دبستان، خاقانی و کاج در وضعیت بهتری قرار دارند.https://urs.ui.ac.ir/article_20044_3f53a7428c830e95bfa820a9e73a5450.pdfمعاونت پژوهش و فناوری دانشگاه اصفهانمطالعات و پژوهشهای شهری و منطقهای (توقف انتشار)2008-535441620130421Land Use Planning in the Urban Sensitive Areas Case Study, Farahzad Valley Stream-Tehranبرنامهریزی کاربری اراضی در مناطق حساس شهری مطالعه موردی رود دره فرحزاد-تهران476420037FAمهرانمحمودیمجتبیرفیعیانمجتبیرفیعیانسیاوششایانJournal Article20160614 Land Use Planning in the Urban Sensitive Areas Case Study, Farahzad Valley Stream-Tehran    M. Rafieian, M. Mahmoodi, S. Shayan  Received: December 13, 2011/ Accepted: June 09, 2012, 13-16 P      Extended Abstract  1-Introduction  As an important fundamental Issue in urban planning, land use suitability assessment provides important reference for planning, planning management, planning implementation and planning evaluation. Whether at home or abroad, many scholars and planning workers have made in-depth study and explore at the approaches of land suitability assessment, especially in the use of GIS technology. Land use suitability assessment is an important fundamental work in urban planning. Be restricted by technology and means, qualitative analysis methods are wider used in evaluating land use suitability. It is necessary to explore a quantitative evaluation method to provide a reliable basis for in-depth analysis of urban planning and improve the persuasiveness of the decision-making and objectivity and science of the urban planning.   2-Theoritical Bases  Urban valley stream is one of the important factors in making structural and functional evolutions of cities. In these natural corridors, in addition to, permanent or periodic flow of water, visual and natural values, as well as different function/ action pattern -in the form of tourism- recreation, economical functions, and even human life- are existed. In theories related to urban sustainable development, optimum utilization of these areas in the framework of sensitive areas and urban vital plans is considered by urban institution. Urban Managers are using a number of programs and policies to guide and control growth in the urban valley streams. These growth management measures include such policies as:  Smart growth programs - includes a range of approaches to contain development by using more efficient and compact urban development patterns that preserve open space and protect environmentally sensitive areas.  Alternative zoning ordinances-These can be used to protect forests, wetlands, floodplains, or environmentally sensitive land. There are several different forms of alternative zoning ordinances likes Floating zones, Overlay zones, Cluster development, Incentive zones and Impact fees.  Transferable development rights (TDR)-Under this program, a landowner is assigned rights to develop which cannot be used on sensitive land but can be transferred to other land or sold to other developers.  Purchase of development rights (PDR)-Under this program, landowners can volunteer to sell the development rights to their land to the local government or a nonprofit group while retaining ownership of the land. The current and future owners of the land are restricted from development activities.  Conservation easements-Conservation easements that permanently restrict the use of a particular tract of land can be purchased by local agencies or by private groups.  Priority funding areas (PFA)-Under this program control growth by limiting State support for growth-related projects such as sewer and water systems to locally designated growth areas.  Open-space preservation-Open or green space is defined as agricultural and forestry land in a natural state or land developed only to the extent consistent with the protection of the environment .   3-methodology  The rapid development of IT technology and gradually maturing of GIS technology applications provides the foundation for urban planning from the qualitative analysis to quantitative analysis. Through the evaluation method, we can clearly determine the space relationship of "strict protection - appropriate protection - general use - optimal use - key development" in different policy conditions, so as to provide a solid theoretical foundation and serviceable content for urban planning. In this research, it is tried to use urban sensitive area theory framework utilizing AHP model, geographic information system (GIS), and conservation- based approach, urban land use planning process in Farahzadâs valley stream is considered. In general, the current study focuses on taking GIS as evaluation tools, but does not make in-depth research at the aspect of data source. On the basis of previous studies, this paper sums up experiences, uses remote sensing technology to broaden data acquisition channels and applies GIS-based Spatial Analysis method to land suitability assessment of Farahzad in Tehran.   4-Dissscusion  The fast expansion of Tehran during recent years and the increase of urbanization have caused the decrease in natural values and established widespread development plans without environmental considerations. This tendency causes collision of environmental equilibrium in the city, especially in urban sensitive areas. The final results are shown in following map and table. Based on data, urban land use planning in Farahzad area is very important considering current obligations. The result shows that about 77 percent of lands in this valley stream with assessment model applied are located in high degree conservation bound. Therefore, these areas should be unsettled areas and should be replaced to optimum land uses related to their environmental values. Finally, with respect to location results produced from this research, micro and macro policies and guidelines for accessing to valley stream conservation goals are presented. The underlying policy issues need to be addressed by the public as well as elected officials if natural resources in the interface are to be preserved.       5-Conclusion  Natural resource managers can play an important role in raising public awareness of the natural resource and conservation issues in the interface. Too often communities wait until development has begun before attempting to revise their land development plans. By then, emotions are often running high, and anger, divisiveness, and resentment preclude rational discussion about the long-term goals of the community. 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Soltanhosseini, M.Salimi, M. Salimi, M. Lotfi  Received: January 06, 2012/ Accepted: June 09, 2012, 17-21 P       Extended Abstract  1- Introduction  Sport facilities and sport places as one of important land uses in urban environment can have positive and negative effects on their surroundings, of which the most important can be addressed to economic and social ones. Thus, the purpose of this study was to identify, assess and prioritize the social and economic effects of sport places on the urban environment. Based on these objectives, five typical sport places (Shahid Sadoughi, Shahid Paak Nejad, Shahid Nassiri, 22nd Bahman, Kargaran sport complexes) were selected by special circumstances in Yazd city. The research goals were to recognize and determine the socioeconomic effects (impacts) of sport places on urban environment, which were obtained by searching and organizing relevant literature and valid scientific resources as well as discussing and exchanging views with outstanding professors and experts in urban planning and sport management. The research tool consisted of two questionnaires: 1) dual comparative questionnaire including 57 items in 2 sections in order to define input of AHP method, and 2) a questionnaire with Likert scale including 18 items in 2 sections in order to define inputs of SAW method and TOPSIS method. To gather data, the questionnaires were distributed among 162 individuals from the sample in Yazd city (53 persons from chairmen of sport federations, specialists from physical education office, and administrators from selected sport complexes, 14 persons from police officers, 12 persons from real estate agencies, 83 persons from residents in surroundings of selected sport complexes).    2- Theoretical Bases  - Sport Places: Places constructed for various sports activities, including outdoor and indoor locations.  - Economic and social effects (impacts) of sport places: Economic and social effects (impacts) which sports places exert on their surroundings in urban environment.   3- Discussion  Gathering the necessary data and prioritizing the determined effects (by three AHP, TOPSIS, and SAW methods) and analyzing data by one sample t-test, it was found that of the social effect items, the sport places increased the residentsâ tendency to watch matches, tendency to do exercises, their happiness and freshness, and collective and sport cooperation among them, respectively. In general, and considering the social variables, although the obtained mean of views was higher than the average, this difference was not significant. In addition, other results from the study indicated that sport places did not influence all economic variables as well as none of their components.   4- Conclusion  The results showed sport places do not have much influence on the improvement of economic components in their surroundings. At present, sport industry is considered as the most profitable one in the world, however, it is in the hands of the countries provided its requirements, regarded it as a profitable resource, and dealt with it based on scientific studies, while the lack of suitable facilities and economic goals will result in nothing but losses and damages. On the other hand, the results from the present study and most of current studies show that sport places and their increased per capita budget will result in social positive effects in different dimensions such as increased healthiness, freshness, and vitality.   5- Suggestions  The followings are recommended based on the results from the study:  Increasing advertising through media and etc. in order to inform people about the sportâs advantages, since it will result in more acceptance by people and more social positive effects by sport places.  Paying more attention to land selection in urban environment including sport needs assessment.  Cultivating and promoting sport among enthusiasts and spectators in different ways, resulting in the reduction of social disorders arising from a variety of sports events.  Keywords: Sport places, social effects (impacts), economic effects, urban environment.   References  Alemi. M Jalalifar. H Kamali. G R& Kalbasi. 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B (2008), âSport and urban development in Singaporeâ, Cities, Vol. 25, Issue. 1, pp. 29-36.     اماکن ورزشی به عنوان یکی از مهمترین کاربریهای عمومیشهری بر محیط پیرامون خود اثرگذارند که در این میان میتوان از اثرات اجتماعی و اقتصادی به عنوان مهمترین این اثرات نام برد. بنابراین، پژوهش حاضر سعی بر شناسایی، ارزیابی و اولویتبندی اثرات اجتماعی و اقتصادی اماکن ورزشی بر محیط شهری دارد. به همین منظور، ابتدا با جستجو در مقالات و منابع معتبر علمیو همچنین بحث و تبادل نظر با اساتید برجسته به شناسایی آثار اقتصادی و اجتماعی اماکن ورزشی بر محیط شهری اقدام گردید. ابزار پژوهش را دو پرسشنامه شامل مقایسه زوجی (شامل 57 سوال در 2 بخش) به منظور تعیین ورودی روش AHP و پرسشنامهای با طیف لیکرت (شامل 18 سوال در 2 بخش) به منظور تعیین ورودی دو روش SAW و TOPSIS ، تشکیل دادند که به منظور جمعآوری اطلاعات در اختیار 162 نفر از افراد نمونه (53 نفر از رؤسای هیأتهای ورزشی، کارشناسان ارشد اداره تربیت بدنی و مسئولان ورزشگاههای منتخب، 14 نفر از مسئولان نیروی انتظامی، 12 نفر از مشاوران املاک و 83 نفر از مردم ساکن در اطراف 5 مکان ورزشی که با شرایط خاصی انتخاب شده بودند) در شهر یزد قرار گرفتند. پس از جمع آوری اطلاعات لازم و اولویتبندی آثار شناسایی شده (به وسیله سه روش AHP ، TOPSIS ، SAW ) و همچنین تحلیل اطلاعات بر اساس آزمون t تک نمونه ( One Sample T-Test ) مشخص گردید که در میان گویههای اثرات اجتماعی، اماکن ورزشی به ترتیب موجب افزایش گرایش اهالی منطقه به تماشای مسابقات، افزایش گرایش اهالی منطقه به ورزش، افزایش شادابی و نشاط در اهالی منطقه و افزایش همکاریهای جمعی و ورزشی شده اند، ولی در مجموع متغیرهای اجتماعی، اگر چه میانگین نظرات بزرگتر از سطح متوسط بود ولی این اختلاف معنادار نبود. به علاوه دیگر نتایج پژوهش حاکی از آن بود که اماکن ورزشی بر مجموع متغیرهای اقتصادی و همچنین بر هیچ یک از مؤلفههای آن اثرگذار نبودند.https://urs.ui.ac.ir/article_20038_438ec786aa11972ea389678902efaa9f.pdfمعاونت پژوهش و فناوری دانشگاه اصفهانمطالعات و پژوهشهای شهری و منطقهای (توقف انتشار)2008-535441620130421Analysis of cultural development of Isfahan city Using Factor analysis methodتحلیلی بر سطح توسعه فرهنگی شهر اصفهان با استفاده از روش تحلیل عاملی8910420039FAملیحهایزدیجمالمحمدیجمالمحمدیJournal Article20160614Analysis of cultural development of Isfahan city Using Factor analysis method
J.Mohammadi, M.Izadi
Received: October 08, 2011/ Accepted: April 10, 2012, 23-25 P
Extended abstract
1-Introduction
Cultural spaces are consideredas one of the main factors for development. Cultural development is a qualitative and valuable process that for assessing it, quantitative indicators in cultural planning are used to obtain development objectives in the pattern of goods and services. The aim of the study is to determine and analyze cultural development level and regional inequality of different districts of Isfahan using factor analysis technique. The statistical population of the study is 14 districts of Isfahan municipality. The dominant approach ofthis study is quantitative â description and analytical. In this study, 35 indices have been summarized by factor analysis method and have been reduced to 5 factors and combined in significant ones and delivered.
2 â Theoretical bases
The most important objectives of spatial planning, considering limitation of resources, are optimum distributions of facilities and services among different locations in which people live. To do this,there is a need to identify different locations in terms of having different facilities and services, so that developed locations are specified and planners can proceed to do something for spatial equilibrium and reducing privileged distance between districts.The present study has been conducted to reach to an equal development in Isfahan urban districts following identifying the situation and the manner of distributing development facilities cultural selected indices in different districts.
3 â Discussion
Cultural development of societies is evaluated by considering the changes and improvement of its indices and measured by quantitative frames. Cultural development indices are the most important tools for cultural planning in a special district in a society. In this study, cultural development indices have been used to determine the levels of districts. By using factor analysis model, the share of influential factors in the cultural development of districtswas determined. These five factors all together specify 93.11 percent of variance. The first factor alone calculates and describes 53.12 percent and other factors 17.22, 11, 4.38 and 4.38 percent of variance respectively.
4 â Conclusion
Based on performed analyses, 35 selected indices of cultural development have been reduced to 5, via factor analysis model and the share of each factor in the development was determined. 5 created factors are able to calculate and describe 93.11 percent of variance. The first factor alone calculates 53.12 percent and the other factors calculate and describe 17.22, 11, 4.38, and 4.38 percent of variance, respectively. The results of this analysis declare that to develop cultural services for the districts, the first, third and the second factors are suggested as first priorities for developing Isfahan urban districts for much disprivileged, disprivileged, semi privileged, privileged and much privileged districts respectively. The fourth factor can be effective in second priority to increase semi privileged development level.The fifth factor can be effective in the third priority to increase the development level of disprivileged and muchdisprivileged districts.
5 â Suggestions
Since the aim of such studies is to identify the status quo in terms of cultural development factors, plentiful and various proceedings are needed to correctly and precisely plan for districts in order to reach social justices and remove disprivileged situation from different districts. So, in order to be responsive to the increasing cultural needs of Isfahan urban districts, people's contribution and participation and agencies cooperation and the most important of all private sectors help interested in investment are needed. Also, the development and improvement of information technology in the pattern of reinforcing and developing institutions, structural amendments in rules and laws and making benefit of new achievements in providing cultural services are very important.
Keyword: Spatial analysis, Cultural Development, Factor analysis method, Isfahan city.
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Zayari, G. HaghighatNaeini  Received: May 08, 2011/ Accepted: February 12, 2012, 27-30 P      Extended abstract  1-Introduction  Environmental problems are one of the most fundamental problems in modern city and the result of conflict and confrontation with the natural environment. Recently, cities are confronted with numerous environmental problems and the incidence of environmental pollution, resource degradation and loss of natural spaces. Zanjan as one of the most important cities in the North West has many environmental issues such as incomplete sewage disposal system, physical development of the City and the degradation and loss of agricultural lands and gardens and etc.  The dominant approaches in current attempt are qualitative and quantitative and the type of research is applied . The research methodology is descriptive analysis . In this article , the environmental structure of Zanjan is evaluated and analyzed using the SWOT technique in four stages. And in the end to resolve the existing problems , strategies are prioritized and suggested based on QSPM matrix .    2- Theoretical bases  Theory of sustainable urban development is the result of discussions of environmental advocates regarding environmental issues especially the urban environment which were presented following the concept of sustainable development to protect environmental resources.  - General environmental considerations in planning for sustainable urban development are as following :  - Linear flow of material ( data) input to the urban system should be as close as possible to a cyclic process ( recycling materials ).  - Serious and careful study and assessment of environmental impact of urban development plans .  - Defining thresholds and ecological capacity of the environment.  - Reduction of air pollution , noise , solid waste and wastewater. Maintaining healthy urban environment    3â Discussion  Analysis and evaluation of environmental features of Zanjan have been carried out based on the quality and quantity of their techniques using SWOT strategic planning in the context of internal environmental factors ( strengths and weaknesses) and external environmental factors ( threats and opportunities , mainly in the city of Zanjan ) in four hierarchical stages .  1. Evaluation strategic factors of internal and external environmental situation in Zanjan  2. Determine the type of strategy on the coordinate axis  3. Codifying the four SWOT strategic solutions  4. Prioritizing strategies using QSPM matrix.  4â Conclusion  Results of this study demonstrated that the total weighted score of the table of internal factors matrix is 2.64 and for external factors matrix is 2.36 . 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Hemphill, 2006, Sustainable Development Policy Directory, published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 1-651  zebardast, Esfandiar, 2004, the city, first printing, Publishing and Research Centre for Urban and Architectural Studies, Tehran  Ziari, K., and mahnejad, H., and parhiz, F., 2009, Principles and techniques of urban planning, Printing, Publications International University Chabahar, 371-385  Ziari, KeramatUllah, 2001, responsibility for sustainable development and urban planners in the twenty-first century, Journal of Literature and Humanities, Tehran University         مشکلات زیست محیطی یکی از اساسی ترین مسائل شهر امروزی و حاصل تعارض و تقابل آنها با محیط طبیعی است. با گسترش شهرها، مظاهر و ارزشهای محیط طبیعی در معرض نابودی بیشتر قرار گرفته است. شهرها با مسائل متعدد زیست محیطی و در نتیجه بروز انواع آلودگیهای زیست محیطی، تخریب منابع و کاهش فضاهای طبیعی روبرو شدهاند. در این میان شهر زنجان هم به عنوان یکی از شهرهای مهم شمال غرب کشور با مسائل زیست محیطی بسیاری از جمله؛ تکمیل نبودن سیستم دفع فاضلاب شهری، توسعه فیزیکی شهر و در مقابل تخریب و از بین رفتن باغها و اراضی کشاورزی و آلودگی شدید رودخانه زنجان چایی به علت سرریز تصفیه خانههای صنایع فاضلاب شهری و کشتار گاههای شهرداری به آن و ... گریبانگیر است. در این مقاله، ساختار زیست محیطی شهر زنجان با استفاده از تکنیک SWOT در چهار مرحله مورد ارزیابی و تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفته است. نتایج یافتهها نشان میدهد که کل امتیاز وزن دار جدول ماتریس عوامل داخلی 2.64 و در جدول ماتریس عوامل خارجی 36/2 است. که عدد حاصله پایین تر از میانگین بوده، در واقع از قوتها و فرصتهای به دست آمده به درستی در جهت غلبه بر ضعفها و تهدیدها استفاده نشده است و ضعفها بر قوتها و تهدیدها بر فرصتها غالب هستند. و نوع استراتژی حاصل شده، استراتژیی تنوعی(اقتضایی) است. و در پایان برای رفع مسائل موجود، راهبردها بر اساس ماتریس QSPM اولویتبندی و پیشنهاد شده است.https://urs.ui.ac.ir/article_20040_3e0b75bc090bfc3d9d7d66b383279b33.pdfمعاونت پژوهش و فناوری دانشگاه اصفهانمطالعات و پژوهشهای شهری و منطقهای (توقف انتشار)2008-535441620130421The Investigation and Evaluation of Economic Effects of BRT on Commercial Efficiencies of Street Margin, the Case Study of Tabriz Metropolitan (from University Square to Shariati Crossroads)بررسی و ارزیابی اثرات اقتصادی BRT بر کاربریهای تجاری کلانشهر تبریز؛ فلکه دانشگاه تا چهار راه شریعتی13114420041FAمیثمصفرپورابوالفضلقنبریقهرمانکردJournal Article20160614 The Investigation and Evaluation of Economic Effects of BRT on Commercial Efficiencies of Street Margin, the Case Study of Tabriz Metropolitan (from University Square to Shariati Crossroads)    A Ghanbari, M. Safarpoor, Gh. Kord  Received: May 01, 2011/ Accepted: January 16, 2012, 31-34 P      Extended abstract  1- Introduction  With increasing urbanization and subsequent population density in cities in the era of globalization and global economic integration, providing a public transportation system which is efficient, effective, safe and inexpensive leads to economic, social and environmental sustainability. So that other indicators such as travel time, traffic, fuel consumption and air pollution be improved, in addition to the current direction of traveling towards public transportation. BRT system is one of the forms of mass transit which had been designed and implemented in order to solve urban traffic problems and move toward sustainable urban development. In this way, planners and policy makers are still interested in investing in a transportation network and density of lands as an alternative to eliminate private cars, reduce traffic and its adverse effects. This paper investigates and evaluates the effects of BRT system on commercial land uses of street margin, in Tabriz from university square to Shariati cross- road.    2- Methodology  The sample size of the study includes all economic businessmen of the margin of street in the studied area in Tabriz in 2010-2011. The statistical sample of the survey was selected according to the random sampling method. There were 180 commercial land uses with special separation of the main junction 75 questionnaires were returned and analyzed from the north side of the street and 75 ones were returned and analyzed from the south side of the street and the questionnaire return rate was 83 percent. In this study, interview method had also been used.   3- Discussion  BRT lines in Tabriz were designed to solve traffic problems and transportation. But regardless of its influential effects on the transport of Tabriz, adverse effects had been imposed on trade margin land uses in the studied area. In the area of study, due to the narrow width of passage, BRT line had allocated in one side of the street and other side of streets had been allocated to moving and handling personal vehicles that has led to slow movement and increase in volume of traffic. This resulted in the decrease of customers referring to shop across these lines, because people who want to buy goods and commodities from these places were no longer willing to go to these places and purchase goods from the North side of the street, due to various problems such as lack of parking places for private cars, preventing marginal park in the avenues, problems caused by going through the width of streets, waste of time and so on. Also, following to the investigations made, many shop owners and even some of the pedestrians have mentioned the BRT lines as a barrier wall . In the studied area, due to the narrow width passages, BRT line has allocated almost one side of the street and the rest of streets have been allocated to moving and handling personal vehicles that has resulted in slow movement and an increase in the volume of traffic. Besides BRT, other factors as well had affected sales and rents of shops. Some of them include: pavement design and its width, distance from trading centers or in other words, city's pedestrianism center, presence or absence of parking possibility for customers' cars, distance from government and official land use due to occupied passageways, the accumulation of shops in a bunch, price of shops, shops and distance from bus stops. In addition, based on the evaluation of the questionnaire results and interview with the local shopkeepers, this is clearly observable that the effect degree is not identical in North and South streets.   4- Conclusion  Apart from the market stagnancy and economic problems, BRT lines have negative effects on commercial land use, especially at the price of rents and the number of stores' clients. In general, the results point to a real recession and application changes of land uses in the north side of street (the margins of BRT Line) which is more than the south side of street and following these changes, the owners of the shops in north street and those who want to invest tend to use the shops of Southern part. Based on our investigation, most shop owners and even some of the pedestrians had mentioned the BRT lines as a barrier wall.   5- Suggestions  Based on the results of this research, it can be seen that following each step in the process of urban management many lateral and hidden feedbacks are visible which point to a multi-dimensional and chained link among the elements and parts of a city. In this regard, there is a need for a planning based on comprehensive approach and a system such as strategic planning to organize urban planning and management system in a way that it enables us to control and monitor feedback from the urban plans. Hence, according to current investigations, executive suggestions are as follows:  Construction of parking within the scope of target services  Reducing the distance between stations  Tax relief for the losses  Other policies that attract citizens to the target locations such as the provision of green spaces, parks and other urban lively spaces in the target scope  And finally, if possible, transferring BRT route to the middle line of the street.  Keywords: BRT, Economic Effects, Commercial Land Uses, Tabriz.   References  Au Sullivan, Arthur, (2009), issues in urban economics (two volumes), translated by J. Ali Ghaderi Ghaderi, Light of Knowledge, Third Edition.  Banister, D. D. Stead, P. Steen, J. Akerman, K. Dreborg, P. Nijkamp and R.S. Tappeser (2000), European Transport Policy and Sustainable Mobility, London: Spon.  Daniel A. Rodriguez and Carlos H. Mojica (2008), Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Land Line .April 2008, Land Value Impacts of Bogotaâs Transmilenio.  Daniel A. 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Module 3d, Bus Rapid Transit. GTZ.  رشد روزافزون جمعیت و به تبع آن توسعه شهری باعث ایجاد تغییراتی در جابجایی انسان و کالا در سطح شهر میشود که گاهی این تغییرات از نظر ساختاری با سیستم موجود در شهر خوانایی ندارند. سیستم BRT یکی از اشکال حمل و نقل تودهای است که در راستای حل مشکل ترافیک و حرکت به سمت توسعه پایدار شهری طراحی و اجرا شده است. در این مسیر برنامه ریزان و سیاستگذاران همچنان به سرمایه گذاری در شبکه حمل و نقل و متراکم سازی اراضی، فارغ از اثرات وسیع اقتصادی- اجتماعی بر سیستم شهر، علاقه نشان میدهند. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی و ارزیابی اثرات سیستم BRT بر کاربریهای تجاری حاشیه خیابان در شهر تبریز از فلکه دانشگاه تا چهارراه شریعتی انجام پذیرفت ه است . روش پژوهش اسنادی و میدانی است و دادهها به صورت پیمایشی از طریق پرسشنامه و مصاحبه با کسبه و بازاریان جمع آوری شده است. سپس با استفاده از نرم افزرارهای ACCESS و SPSS تجزیه و تحلیل و پردازش اطلاعات صورت گرفته و در نهایت با وارد کردن دادهها به محیط GIS ، از طریق ماژول زمین آمار ( Geo Statical )، نمودارهای مکانی دادهها ترسیم و نقشههای خروجی برای سهولت تجزیه و تحلیل بصری آماده شدهاند. بر اساس نتایجی که از تحقیق حاضر به دست آمده است؛ سوای رکود بازار و مشکلات اقتصادی، تأثیرات سوء خطوط BRT بر کاربریهای تجاری به خصوص در قیمت سرقفلیها و اجارهبها و تعداد مراجعه کنندگان به مغازهها و فروشگاهها به طور چشمگیری نمایان است که البته اثرات سوء بر کاربریهای تجاری قسمت شمالی نسبت به کاربریهای جنوبی ملموستر است.https://urs.ui.ac.ir/article_20041_1a71e3e717bf98636a92dffe1852bbfc.pdfمعاونت پژوهش و فناوری دانشگاه اصفهانمطالعات و پژوهشهای شهری و منطقهای (توقف انتشار)2008-535441620130421Atmospheric Pollutions Emissions, environmental challenges of Isfahan Cityانتشار آلایندههای جوی چالش زیست محیطی شهر اصفهان14516020042FAساداتهاشمی نسبویکتوریاعزتیانJournal Article20160614 Atmospheric Pollutions E missions , environmental challenges of Isfahan City    V. Ezzatian , S. Hasheminasab  Received: June 28, 2011/ Accepted: April 10, 2012, 35-38 P      Extended abstract  1-Introduction  The recent fatal events with regard to the rise in the atmospheric pollutants levels have suggested that the reason of their occurrence be more identified. The long-term and short-term effects on the environment caused by pollutants that reached unacceptable level are apparent existence of pollutatnts has led to short-term effects such as appearance and aggravation of cancer and respiratoryâ optic and lung diseases. The sequence of long-term effects is seen on DNAâ intelligence and physiology. The air pollution results in water and soil pollution. Of course, aquatics and plants are under the influence of these pollutions. Men are not safe from them because they enter manâs food chain too. The statistical model represented in this research can estimate the acceptable rate of surface- ozone by measuring the climatic data of synoptic meteorology of Isfahan Station and evaluating surface pollution rate of station of the Environment Protection Agency. This research shows that equations that profited from two variables including square sunshine and square carbon monoxide concentration could explain %35 of concentration changes in surface- ozone during a day. Even though multivariable regression models can explain dramatical concentration changes in surfaceâ ozone and protector concentration, practical use of these models is limited because of numerous entrance variables. Ozone as one of the most significant secondary pollutants not only influences general health but also has a considerable effect on agriculture. Surface â ozone is in ppm or ppb and it comprises the number of ozone molecules per million and per billion of air molecule.   2- Theoretical basis  As regards exceptional importance and poisonous state of ozone special in agriculture, it is essential to measure the rate of this gas for quantitative and qualitative survey of garden products and birds and livestockâs health. In general pollutants threat stable development and environment. Furthermore, because its rate is higher than acceptable level, it disrupts manâs daily activities. So, it is necessary to study this process. To display a statistical model is the purpose of this study so that surface- ozone rates can be acceptably estimated using atmospheric factors. The main question is this: can an appropriate estimate of surface- ozone rates be determined using a statistical model? It is assumed in this study that climatic factors of land surface play remarkable role in surface- ozone forming. Statistical models using Excel and Spss Software have been used to regionalize pollutant rates. At first, necessary entrance data were adapted from Isfahan Meteorology Station. Data include: A) Temperature and soil moisture. B) Atmospheric factors including: air temperature, atmospheric humidity, sunshine, wind velocity and precipitation.  C) Land surface data of pollutants adapted from the Environment Protection Agency including: surface-ozone, so2, Nox. Then, using these data and specific model, a relationship was found to estimate surface concentration. This study has been done in Isfahan. Climatic data and air pollution and atmospheric pollutants data have been taken from measuring station of air quality in five centers of city (Laleh Square, Bozorgmehr Square, Azadi Square).   3â Discussion  Data of daily mean temperature during statistical course is 16.7c. Median, variance and standard deviation are 17.9, 95.2 and 9.8, respectively. Minimum and maximum temperatures are -6.6 and 33.4 ⦠centigrade. Based on skewness test and Kolmogorov â Smirnov Test frequency distribution of temperature data is normal. Mean dew-point temperature is -1.9 during studying course. This factor also has a normal curve like temperature. But Kolmogorov- Smirnov Test shows a contrary result. Range of dew-point temperature is between -25.9 to 14.2. Standard deviation is 5.7 Ù⦠centigrade that is lower than standard deviation of temperature (10.9 Ù⦠centigrade). Mean dewâpoint temperature, median and standard deviation are -2, -1.4 and 5.2. Both above mentioned tests show that the frequency distribution is normal. Average of hourly ozone concentration data is 31.4 ppb and median is 27 ppb. Mode as the most abundant in this statistical sample is 10.1ppb. Three above mentioned statistics are not the same. So, frequency distribution curve of hourly ozone concentration is not normal. Furthermore, because Mod حوادث بحرانی سالهای اخیر در خصوص افزایش میزان آلایندههای جوی، ضرورت شناخت بیشتر علل وقوع این حوادث را مطرح ساخته است. افزایش میزان آلایندهها از سطوح مجاز در سطح کوتاه مدت و بلند مدت بر محیط زیست اثر گذار بوده به طوری که اثرات کوتاه مدت آلودگی هوا به صورت بروز و تشدید بیماریهای چشمی، تنفسی، ریوی، سرطان و ... ظاهر میشود. اثرات بلند مدت آلودگی هوا به صورت تاثیر بر نقشه ژنیتکی بدن جانداران، میزان هوش و فیزیولوژی بدن ظاهر میشود. هوای آلوده، آب و خاک را آلوده ساخته و آبزیان و گیاهان را نیز تحت تاثیر قرار میدهد که این مواد با قرارگیری در زنجیره غذایی انسان از این طریق نیز آسیب رسانی مینمایند. در این پژوهش با استفاده از دادههای آب و هوایی که در ایستگاه هواشناسی همدیدی اصفهان اندازه گیری می شوند و مقادیر آلایندههای سطح زمین که توسط ایستگاههای سنجش آلایندههای سازمان حفاظت محیط زیست اندازه گیری میشوند یک مدل آماری ارائه می شود که قادر به برآورد مقادیر قابل قبولی از اُزُن سطحی باشد. بررسیهای صورت گرفته در این پژوهش نشان داد معادلهای که از دو متغیر توان دوم تابش آفتاب و توان دوم غلظت گاز منوکسیدکربن بهرهگرفته بود توانست توجیهگر 35% تغییرات غلظت اُزُن سطحی در طول روز باشد. اگر چه مدلهای رگرسیونی چند متغیره توان قابل توجهی برای توجیه تغییرات اُزُن سطحی و پیش بینی غلظت آن دارند، اما تعدد متغیرهای ورودی آنها موجب میشود که این مدلها از دیدگاه کاربردی چندان مفید نباشند.https://urs.ui.ac.ir/article_20042_7d5976bb1245223cb39bfc2f543241f8.pdf