https://urs.ui.ac.ir/ Journal of Urban - Regional Studies and Research en daily 1 Sun, 13 Nov 2016 00:00:00 +0330 Sun, 13 Nov 2016 00:00:00 +0330 https://urs.ui.ac.ir/article_20537.html Extended abstract Objectives: This study aims to assess the global indices of age-friendly city in Tehran, which have been developed by World Health Organization. Finally, the design solutions carried out based on the successful works in other countries will be presented for city of Tehran. Materials and Methods: In the present study, World Health Organization's standard questionnaire was duplicated in 110 copies and given to urban designers and planners, rehabilitation specialists, doctors, nurses, and other aging-related professionals and experts. Then, the resulting data were imported into SPSS22 software and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings: The results indicated that, among 8 indices of age-friendly city including open spaces and buildings, transportation, housing, social participation, respect and social inclusion of the elderly, citizen participation and employment of the elderly, communication and information facilities, as well as health and local services, transportation factor had a more favorable condition in Tehran for the elderly and citizen participation and employment index was very inappropriate for them. Conclusion: It can be said that urban designers and researchers should deal with the planning of housing and buildings' open spaces in a more detailed manner in their future works and pursue more accurate plans and programs in this regard. This study aims to only evaluate the mentioned issue, and special and detailed research is expected to be conducted on these two subjects in the future.  https://urs.ui.ac.ir/article_20538.html Extended abstract 1. Introduction Rapid urban growth and rapid urbanization in recent decades has led to changes in the structure of human settlements and has created enormous economic and social changes, and this factor, reveals the importance of sustainable development and urban sustainability. Sustainable urban development theory is the necessary preconditions for today’s urban planning. However, in the literature of sustainable development, that is derived primarily from the environmental movement, Social and economic aspects of sustainability, less considered and generally regarded as a tool to achieve sustainable development. While Sustainability, is the Interaction of all three social, economic and environmental aspects of it. Urban population growth on the one hand and the formation of massive migration due to economic growth and spatial imbalance between rural and urban cities, towns and cities, on the other hand, was led to the physical growth of cities, especially large cities. So that the growth of the city, in many parts of the country, outpaced from population growth, and cities were faced with major environmental, social and economic challenges. In addition, the loss of agricultural land and environmental destruction caused by rapid growth and urban sprawl, also Social and economic aspects of this growth, with influence on the price of land and housing Followed by the lack of balanced distribution of services and Facilities, growth suburbanization and informal settlements, causes class gap and the issues of north - south urbanization in the city, Economic and Social Damages, and eventually leads to social segregation. Therefore, if the growth of the city was not accompanied with proper planning and management, could endanger the urban sustainability. In the city of the Orumiyeh, reduction of urban density and increasing of population growth and migration (27,000 immigrants in the first ten months of 2013) cause the sprawl Growth of the Orumiyeh city. Considering that, the Orumiyeh city, sometimes known as Metropolis, the sprawl growth of this city, have negative social, economic and environmental consequences and by turning it into a metropolis, this problem is more widespread and become an urban dilemma. Therefore, identification of unstable blocks from social and economic dimension could be an important step for moderated effective factors on the sustainability of the Orumiyeh city. 2. Theoretical basis Social Sustainability Definition presented by Sajs. This term refers to the medium Level of Social homogeneity, Equal distribution of Income, Employment, Equal access to Resources and Social Services as well as Issues such as Participation in the decision-making process and Social Cohesion. There is little consensus on the definition of social sustainability and many varied definitions have been proposed. Such variation can be explained by one of the following reasons: The definition of social sustainability is classified in three groups: Definitions of Conditions In the first group usually describe social sustainability as either a currently existing positive condition, or as a goal that remains to be achieved stated that policies contributing to social sustainability. Definitions of Measurement Framework In the second group, definitions utilize measurement frameworks. These definitions present main principles and dimensions and often involve a series of indicators. Attributes of Social Sustainability Definitions Future focus and process are the two most imperative attributes in preciseness and usefulness of urban social sustainability discussions. Future focus refers to the improvement of a just society for current and future generations. 3. Discussion This study was descriptive, analytical and comparative. Using the software SPSS, 30 socio-economic indicators, were factor analyzed. Parameters are loaded in each factor that are top of 0.5 form same factor. The result was the reduction of 30 indicators, in to 6 effective factors in 1996. And 6 factor mentioned explain 84.47% of the variance. As a result of factor analysis to 30 indicators in 2011, was the reduction it in to 7 effective factors. 7 factors mentioned explain 83.9% of variance. By comparing the combined factor of 1996-2011 and check the availability levels of statistical blocks, the results show blocks with very good stability in 1996 years, from 1.65 percent to 0.6 percent in 2011 and blocks with good stability from 10.48 to 5.18 has decreased. The percentage of blocks with medium stability has increased and reached from 68.19 to 79.19 percent in 2011. Blocks with Poor stability, reached from 19.55 percent to 14.95 percent And blocks with very poor stability have a slight decrease from 0.15% (6 blocks) to 0.08 percent (5 blocks) has decreased. 4. Conclusion The pattern of growth in Orumiyeh by using the Holdren model showed that 66 percent of the urban growth caused by population growth and 34% of horizontal growth and has been dispersed. Using factor analysis and study for two periods in 1996 and 2011 show that the growth of Orumiyeh city has increased number of medium stable blocks. And on the other features of blocks have reduction effects. By combining factors that were extracted by factor analysis and the creation a combination factor for 2011, Hot spots analysis for the statistical blocks for mentioned year was done. Result shows that the place with good socio-economic stability has located in the city center and from center to the side edges of the city, from stability of indicators has reduced. 5. Suggestions According to location of the unstable points on outskirts, Officials and custodians of city as much as possible Prevent unplanned and unauthorized construction of the municipality. With a balanced distribution of services in all cities in the province, especially in rural areas to control migration and the growth of the city and thereby prevent the growth of socio-economic instability. Proper oversight of urban plans, particularly in the context of demographic predictions wrong and assign space to accommodate a population that is still not the extent, should be very serious https://urs.ui.ac.ir/article_20539.html Extended abstract Introduction In changes made in urban networks relying on new theories, the made researches cannot describe any more the structure and function of urban networks of state completely, but the need of using integrated and interactive approach based on networks felt for assessing the situation of this system. Increasing the number of metropolises, is an expression of extraordinary concentration of population in certain regions of developing countries and these changes are dependent on a new logic of development-the logic in which the new image of regions is primarily a mix of links and nodes ,and has the more emphasis on integrated look to centers and regions. Each center in urban network has different situation, status, and character according to degree, type, composition, and opportunity in relation to others. In this study, we will try to consider both physical and interactive approach simultaneously, and study about different views of urban network aim to draw out different spatial representations of under-changing urban network of Tehran metropolitan region based on three views of node, density, and accessibility. In this regard, we will study about how is changing process of functional and morphological systems of urban network of Tehran metropolitan region, and the relationship between them in three time periods. Theoretical bases Essentially, the morphological approach shows size and distribution of urban centers of country, and considers the more balanced distribution as equal with network model and multi-centralization. The morphological approach focuses mainly on the fact that the centers should be, physically separated from each other through open spaces distinctly. At the same time, the distances should be such that allow region to be considered as a regional identity through interaction and the lease proximity. From morphological point of view, the centers should not be superior to each other in terms of importance; therefore, chronological ranking between cities is normally evaluated according to population of them. Functional (communicational) dimension imply functional links between residences which consider mutual and multi -lateral communication as equal with more functional network model. From functional point of view, centrality and centralism should not be formed in interactions between urban centers of region. Therefore, chronological ranking of cities is measured with relation scale, which often done in the stream of people, goods, or information using network analysis. Functional look with inclusion of morphological dimension insists on interaction in distribution of functional relation. Such a balance show equality of distribution of internal flows of a system which is not driven to one center, but it is bilateral and crossover. Recently, main contribution of functional approach adds another dimension which is network congestion. The rate of network congestion shows the extent of centers dependency in one center functionally, and could be conceptualizes as the ratio of actual relations between centers to sum of their potential relation. Discussion functional analysis: The outlines degree of urban system has been measured based on network analysis, and ranking point of outline has been achieved using measured value. Studies indicate that Tehran city ranked first outline in 2001 and play athlete role in the region, while the cities of next rank deployed Western and Southern parts of under-study region which shows the dominant situation of metropolis of Tehran, and its dominant relation with Western part of region. The results of analysis during 2006 shows that the degree of existing urban network outline has been changed compared to previous period and the differences of outlines degree decreased , and intensity of concentration of urban network has been reduce totally. Nonetheless, during this period to urban points of Tehran and Karaj are still known as dominant points in region. It can be said in spite that the activity system of region is developing between urban points, total collection has been more dependent on Tehran. Surveying the results of urban network analysis in metropolis region of Tehran on 2011, shows that urban network communication in Eastern part of limited region could have better function in relation to previous periods and increase its functional role in urban structure. However, strong communication between Central and Western regions has standard function. The functional ranking of cities in metropolitan region of Tehran has been changed in each period compared to previous period and the differences between points has been reduced with regard to outline power, while three top cities is still fixed. There are meaningful differences between two top cities, that is Tehran and Karaj, compared to other points. However, changes of outline power between other cities indicates changes made in network and also strength of achieving urban points of the region. morphological analysis: Surveying the morphological pattern of urban system of metropolitan region of Tehran in 2001 is expression of a relatively linear structure drawn from West to Center part and extended from Center to East and South parts of collection. According to analyses stated, the centrality of this structure is Tehran, Where all main communication leads to. Changes of pattern of urban system during 2006 have been emerged in the form of previous period development. In fact the structure of pattern of this period is the same as previous period structure which has been developed in Eastern, South, and Western parts. Of course this development is in the form of creation the chronological relationship from small centers of marginal zone of metropolitan region of Tehran to urban adjacent points. The Eastern parts of the limited region have been more than other parts in development of urban system. Surveying the pattern of urban system of metropolitan region of Tehran in 2011 shows that the urban system of the region has been undergone changes compared to previous period ,and the old pattern is developing to Star Pattern such that Tehran city direct all the relations of region toward itself as center of this pattern as well as the prominence of ridge of Star pattern toward the West indicates more importance and influence of this part of region in forming the pattern of urban system of region. Adaptive analysis of urban network function on morphology: In surveying and local analyzing of the extent of conformity of functional analysis with urban network pattern, it can be seen that in 2001, there is much conformity between these two indices in central and south parts. However, the western parts of the region has also compliance to a large extent, while the eastern parts of region has not much local correlation between these two indices. local analyze of the situation of functional system and pattern of urban network in metropolitan region of Tehran in 2006 shows that functional field and the role of urban point in analyzing the functional system in this period has been increased compared to previous period and the network congestion in region has been provided more expand surface in this period. From this, it can be concluded that the urban relationship has been increased during this period, and the system of urban network has been led to a greater integration. On the other hand, surveying the pattern of urban network during this period shows that the urban points developing the pattern of urban network have been increased and the indices of pattern of urban network have been developed. With regard to relative local conformity of these tow analyze, it can be said that the results of these two analyze during this period have more local dependency compared to previous period. In local surveying of the situation of functional system and the pattern of urban network of metropolitan region of Tehran in 2011 it can be seen that there is relative conformity between these two variables with regard to local situation. However, The central and medial parts of metropolitan region has more network congestion which indicates the functional role of this region in metropolitan region, whereas the pattern of urban network un this period also insists on medial part; such that the metropolis of Tehran, as the center of Star pattern, has important role and station in the pattern of urban network. On the other hand, developed indices of the manes of star pattern govern on the urban network of are also located in relation with streams arising from network analysis , such that it can be said the functional system governing the region is in compliance with pattern of urban network. Of course it is worth noting that the degree of conformity in western regions is more than eastern one in terms of location. Examining the regression relationship indicates that there is a relative relation between regional functional system and the pattern of urban network of metropolitan region of Tehran during 2001 and 2006. This indicates he relative dependency of these two indices. In fact it can be said that, this dependency in medial parts is more than other parts according to local analysis, because marginal parts of pattern of urban network has little relationship with medial parts according to network analysis and this reduces the dependency coefficient, Such that the farther urban points has more relationship with urban points around itself than metropolis of Tehran (as the central of Tehran metropolitan region). Surveying the regression relationship during the period of 2011 shows that this coefficient has been decreased compared to last period; however, this amount which is equal to 0.635 has been more than first period (2001). This means that a casual relation can be visualized between these two variables in under-examine region totally; because, the regression coefficient higher than 0.6 indicates the casual relation between tow variables. It can be said that the functional system and the pattern of urban network in Tehran metropolitan region is fit and connected together in the course of this developed period. This means that the morphological characteristic of urban network of metropolitan region of Tehran in this period has been shaped based on functional characteristics and vice versa. Conclusion The results and surveys showed that, during the examined periods, the changes process of functional system of urban network of metropolitan region of Tehran tends from functional concentration in a dominant point to network and functional distribution pattern. Aslo, the morphological pattern of network of metropolitan region of Tehran during the examined periods is developing with cluster patterns through providing relationship in new urban points, and finally the existence of meaningful relationship between functional system and morphological system of network of metropolitan region of Tehran proved. Suggestions It is suggested that the relationship between fashion pattern of urban network and activity system and spatial pattern be noted in regional programming ,such as region logistics which surveys and studies about the metropolitan region of Tehran. On the other hand, with regard to this relationship in the region, another suggestion is developing regional balance in terms of urban network using residence system and activity system. Such that the regional balances in different fields based on this relation can be regulated and programmed for the region according to this relation. This research could explain the relationship between two main components of urban network of metropolitan region, but in order to assess the raised relationship, indices and other factors have been considered isolated which can be considered as new issues to achieve even more precise results in future researches. https://urs.ui.ac.ir/article_20540.html Extended Abstract 1. Introduction Human beings needs to presence in urban areas. One of the most important types of psychological needs is communication and social interaction. Social interactions in life, Due to the importance, can be an asset for the individual and society. Therefore, human presence occurs when its external environment condition is in favorable state and so, prepares space for such interactions to increase the number of citizens. On the other hand, commercial streets have an important role to contribute to creating and sustaining social interaction citizens greatly. But, in today urban areas, shopping malls and commercial spaces do not appeal much to citizens and so, too, constructive social interaction doesn't form in them. 2- Theoretical bases The citizen and the urban space have inevitable mutual relationship with each other. So that the activities of citizens is ambient of environment, conditions and their qualities. For many members of the community and many individual activities and social satisfaction from quality of urban spaces, is an important key to determine the use or non-use of urban spaces. Thus, to achieve the quality of urban spaces, a quick and summary look at the quality of the urban environment theorists and researchers on criteria and indicators; at First. Then, according to various models witch offered by theorists, can conclude advantage and strengths dimensions of the desired environmental quality models: §   The physical dimension (those indices that have been raised and dealt with structure and exterior space). §   The environmental dimension (environment and urban spaces that contribute to space sustainability). §   The functional dimensions (this aspect of urban spaces to meet the different needs and depends on a variety of citizens by available space) §   The perceptual dimensions (taken from the indices witch meaning and understanding by human beings). 3. Discussion First, the aim of this study is examining the quality of environmental aspects affecting on citizens presence in urban areas. Then, another aim is to indicate and assessment of commercial spaces quality and its effects and dimension on presence. This research is a descriptive analysis and used questionnaire method for following objectives. Collected data analyzed by using SPSS statistical software. The case study consisted of three groups of citizens, residents, workers at Rahnamayee Commercial Street, in Mashhad urban area. The sample of study is 300 people in each of citizen groups which have been completed 100 questionnaires. The linear regression analysis was used In order to explain the role and importance of the qualitative aspects of the environment on the presence of citizens in commercial spaces. Accordingly, the findings show that about 28 to 31 percent of the citizen dependent variable explained by the independent quality of the environment variables and other variables indicated about 65 percent of other changes. Among the qualitative aspects, the perceptual indicators has distinctive role on citizens behavior and then, functional and the physical dimensions, have the least roles. While, according to significance factor, the of perceptual and functional parameters are meaningful dimensions. Thus it can be said that the perceptual and functional parameters have a distinctive role in environmental quality and other aspects (physical and environmental) haven’t determination role in such areas. 4. Conclusion From the past to the present, purpose of commercial spaces and refer people to them is to fixe human needs, However, the shopping is a "recreational activity", today. So today there is no accommodation between the objectives and functions of commercial space. The most significant variables that have changed over time: first and foremost, human needs, and secondly, is the performance of commercial space. What people today towards commercial spaces, touching atmosphere due to human emotions, pleasure, joy, peace, walking, seeing and being seen, and etc, and all of them referred and returned to psycho-spiritual needs of human communication. Therefore, increasing the satisfaction of citizen's outcome can be attributed qualities of urban spaces. There are also qualities of space, resourced from components of urban space parameters, such as: the physical, environmental dimension, the functional and perceptual sense dimensions. Thus, the findings indicate that the qualitative aspects that influence the presence in commercial spaces, primarily due to the perceptual sense, then, are the functional properties. This means that man be entered to where the space that be understood, and the next time the priority place related to function and fixed his needs. Finally, such as true defined spaces and management could improve environmental quality and citizen satisfaction, and are encouraged to attend the much more citizen's presence.  https://urs.ui.ac.ir/article_22712.html Inappropriate urban congestion is one of the main problems of today's cities that can be a source of many other disorders, such as unbalanced distribution of urban services, heavy traffic, dominance, etc. So, the aim of this study was to model the capacity of building density shipment in the city of Urmia based on a scientific method. This research, according to its purpose, is the kind of applied research and according to method of work is descriptive-analytical in nature. For this purpose, first by studying related resources of building density, 13 indicators based on the availability of information for the city of Urmia is selected. The calculation of the weight indicators carried out according to AHP method and after digitizing, editing maps and preparation of information layers, standardization of indicators has done in Idrisi Selva software using fuzzy functions that are based on the relationship of each indicators with the purpose of the research. In the next step, the weight obtained from AHP method multiplied in each indicator and finally, by using the Weighted Sum, combining indicators for measuring the capacity of building density shipment in the city of Urmia was preceded. The results of research output suggest that 2% of land area in the zone of too low capacity of building density, 21% of land area in the zone of low capacity of building density, 31% of land area in the zone of middle capacity of building density, 30% of land area in the zone of high capacity of building density, and 16% of land area in the zone of too high capacity of building density are located.